Analysis of The Personality of Adolph Hitler

The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group
The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration

Records of the Central Intelligence Agency
(Record Group 263)

Index of Subject Files
First Release

Subject File Title y^yH^ Box # Location

Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler 0 1 2000/06/02

-r

O. S. S. Confidential

Copy No.ll of 30 3

olnalysis of
The Personality of Adolph Hitler

With Predictions of His Future Behavior

and

Suggrations for Dealing With Him

Now and After

Germany's Surrender

40

Br HENRY A. MURRAY, M. D.
Harvard Psychological Clinic

OCTOBER. 1943

IKKEBMHW AFTER I'SE

ANA.LYSIS OF THB FERSCNALITY OF ADOLF HITLER
with predictions of his futtire behavior

and

suggestlona for dealing with him
now and after Germany's STirrender

Henry A, Mvirray, M»
Harvard Psychological -Clinic

FOREHGBD
• : Aim

The aim of this msmprandum is. (1) to present an
anaXysls of Adolf Hitler*^ personality with an
hypothetical fommlation of the manner of its
deyelopment; (2) en the basis of , this « to make a
few predictions as to his conduct when confronted
by the mounting successes of the Allies; and (5)
to offer some suggestions as to how the T7a S:»- .
Govemment might now influence his mental condition
and behavior (assuming it sees fit to do so), and
might deal with hini« if taken into custody, after
Oermahy^s surrender*

The proper interpretation of Hitler's person-
ality is important as a step in un flgrstanding the
payoholof^y of t he fcypioal Hsai, and - since the
typical. Kazi exhibits a strain that has, for a
long time, been prevalont among Germans - as a
step in \inderstanding the psychology of the German
people. Hitler's unprecedented appeal, the eleva^
tion of this man to the status of e deoi'-god, can
be explained only on the hypothesis that he and his
ideology have almost exactly met the ne^da, longings,
and sentiments of the majority of Germans,

- 2 -

The attalmwiit . of a olear ittpireaslon of the
paychology of tha Gkinaan people is essential if ,
after 8urrendei<« they are to he converted into a
peace-^ loving Aatdoti that is willing to take ltd
proper place in a world society* ^

Sources of Information for this Analysis; -

As is well known^ there are no thoroughly v^*-

liable soureeef of information about Hitler 'a early

life and n^t la known about him since 1918 is in

many respects Insufficient or contradictory*

This annlysls has been based^ for the most

party on the following material;

!• Data supplied by the Office of
Strategic servieea

2. Hitler's mVSi KAMPP, New York,
Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939

3. Hitler *s MY NEW ORDER, Hew York,
Reynal as Hitchcock, 1941

4« Heiden, K., HrH.SR, A BIOGRAPHY,
London, 1936 .

5. Rauschning, H.n VOICE OF DBSTRUCTION,
New York -

6. *Baynes, H. a., GERMANY POSSESSED,

London, 1941

- ♦

It is generally agreed that HEIN EAMFF is not to be
relied on as a facttial document, but as the translators
say in the introduction to the American edition,
this work "is probably the best written evidence
of the character, the mind, and the spirit of Adolf
Hitler •** An analysis of the metaphors used in

^mopucsiD AT ms; mnomi. A^cmvjES

- .- 3 -

MEIH K/VMHP 'has prpved regarding in the attempt to
discover the underlying forces of hia personality*
My MEW ORDER, edited by Rouasy de Sales, has also
been utilized extensively.

A paper published by W.H.D. Vernon, HITLER THE
MAH . HOTES FOR. A CASE HISTORY (Jour, of Abn. & Soc.
Psychol.. 1942, 37, 296-S08), i«a ifritten under my
general super^/laion and contains most of the ideas
of Prpfesso?: G. W* Allport and myself on this topic
so far as they were crystallised in the fall of 1941.
This artloie by Vernon is included in toto as an
introdljction, thereby relieving ma of the necessity
of restating (ih the detailed analysis that follows)
all th* '^^OBPnonly- fcttowxs facts..

Section 1* StctBmary. of the Entlj|*e Memorandum.

Section gy^

flection 3/

Section
Seotloh 5 «

Section ^^i^ .

HITLER THE MAN - NOTES FOR A CASE HI3T0RX
by W. H« D. Vemoii (the best available
short outline of Hitler's personality)*

(Stiniiiary, Part A) Detailed Analysis of
Hitler's Personality {written especially
for psychologists, psychiatrists } •

(Summary, Part B) Predictions of Hitler's
Behavior in the Coming Future •

(Sumnary, part C) Suggestions for the
Treatment of Hitler, Ko\v and After
Germany's Surrender.

(jSummary, Part D) Suggestions for the
Ti^eatment df (|#riginy«

I

* • -

A* , ^lef Analysis of Hitler *8 Personality.

B. Predictions of Bltler*a Behavior*

C. ^ Suggestions for the Treatment of Hitler.

D. Suggestions for jtho . 1*reatttent of the.
; Oeni»h People.

SixtJiftlttea by Henry A. Murray, M.D.

Harvard Psychological Cllni«,
Cambridge, Uassachnsetts.
CQznalt£^»e for National Uorale,
New York.

A • Brief Analysis of Hitler's Personality
Dynamical Pattern. Counteract! vs Type . -
There l9 little disagreement among professional, or
even ampng amateuj*, psychologists that Hitler's
personality Is an example of the counteractive type.
a type that la marked by Intense and stubborn efforts
(1) to overcome early disabilities, weaknesses and
humiliations (wounds to eelf-esteec), and sometimes
also by efforts (11 ) to revenge in*ur:.fle and In-
tultis to pride. This is achieved by mear.a of an

2 -

Idealego. Reaction Pomifttgidft which involves (1) the
repression and denial of the inferior portions of
the self, and (11) strlvlnSjB to become (or to Imagine
One has beeotta) the exact opposite represented by
an idealego* or image of a superior self successfully
abcomplishing the once- impossible featd and thereby
curing the wounds of pride and winning general
respeet> prestiga, fame.

This is a very common f ottinila « normal (within
limits) and widels^ admired in Westera eulttires* but
in Hitler 'flf case all the constituent forces of the
pattern are c canpulstvely extreme , and based on a,
weak netirotic structural fbtindatibn . The chief
trends are these: (1) Counteractive yeed for
Domin ance. Superiorit y? (2)' Counteractive Aggres-
sion, vRevehgo; (3) Repression of Conscience^ Coni-
p llanea. Love ; (4) Projection of Critloizable
Elements of the Sel f,

1 • Cpimteractive Meed for Dominance,^
Superiority .- The develo^ental formula for this
is aa follows} (1) Intolerable foielings of in-

*

feriorlty (partly because of yielding to the will
of a harsh and unjust pervaon), lep.<!i*n(f, t?^ (11)
contempt of own inferior traits (w«»ftkness, timidity^

- 3 -

submlsslveness) and the fixed determination to represa
them in oneself and to condemn them in others,
dccompanied hy (ill) admiration and envy of power
in others and a vision of self as ultimately superior
(Idealego) leading to (iv) repeated efforts to become
superior (co\anteraotlon out of wounded pride), en-
couraged by moments of extreme self-coi)fidence in
which one believes oneself the equal of onets vision*

This, as we have said, is' a very common form
of development, but in Hitler the trend is so intense
and *;he c-5r.anor.ly balancing forces (affection,
coracienoa,. self- criticise, humor) are so weak that
we ax-e jristif ied in spenking in speaking of megglo-
roaai!3_ (delusions of omnipotence), despite the faot
that the sian has succeeded in getting a large pro-
portion cf tfca Gennr.i people to believe that he is
superior; (i) that he- has bean divinely appointed
to lead them to power and glory, and (ii) that he
is never wrong and henoe must be fallowed with blind
oMienoe, come what may a

ffiLtler*s tinderlyi.ng Inferlorifcy feelings, his
Msic self-contempt are shown by his choosing as
o riteria of ' supe ricr ity (tl*aits of Idoc-.lego) attributes
and capacities that are the ve ry oppoa its of irtiat he

^sip^dpucm AT rim mrrmAi^.A^cffn^s

' la himself or oncd was* Thla may be lllttstrated
by hla f earvent eulogy of (a) brute atrength; (b^
purity of blood ; and (c) fertility ^

• !• (a) AdmlratloQ of Brute Strength.
Contempt of Weafcheaa .— Hitler haa alwaya worahlpped
pbyalcal force, military conqueat, and ruthlesB
domUiatlon-. He haa reapected^ envied, and emdlated
the technique a of power , even when manifested by s
hated enemy. From f irat to laat he haa expreaaed
contemp t ' of ' weakheaa . Indeclalon^ lack of energy,
. fear of conscience ;

and ye t - .

Hitle r haa m an y Weafcheeaea. - There la a
Ini^ge feminine component In hla conssftltutlon* Aa
a child he waa frail and alc fcly, emo t 1 ohally ' de pendent
on hla mother, tie never ' did any m a nual work, never
engaged in athletloa, w«»a turned down aa forever
u nfit for cpnacriptlon in the Austrian Army* Afraid
of hla father, hla behavior was out wardly ' aubmlaaive ,
and later he waa ahnoyihgly " subgervierit to his superior
of fleet's* Foutr yt^ars in the Army, he never roae above
the )*aiik of corpd^l* At the end he broke dowtt witli
* way neurosis, hyg terical bllndheg«< * Even lately,
in all his glbiry, he suffers frequent em6tl6nai

*■ o'ollapg^g in i^ch yells and weeps* He has nlght->
mares frcnn a baa conaolence} and he has long spells

' when energy,^ confidence and the power of decision
abandon h5ja* . Sexually he is a full-fledged igaaoohiat /

1# (b) Admiration of Puyg fioble ' 6erman
Blood, Contempt of Jewish, Slav and other Blo6d »-
Hitler has always extplled ths superior qualities
of pure« unmlxedji and uncorrupted German bjlood* He
admires the aristocracy.^ Ooncurrently he has never

^ aeased expressing his contempt of tl^ lower classes
and ^s aversion to adbnixtures of the blood of other
races^ of Jewish blood especially];
land .yet -

. Hi tier * s own ' Origins are ' Not lifoble or
Seyohd Heproach^ » Hitler come a from illiterate
peasant ' s^ook derived from a mixture of races, no
pure Germans among them*. His father was illegitiinate .
was married three tim^s^ and is said to have been
conspicuous for sexual promiscuity* Hitler's mother
wab ft domdstio servant* It is said that Hitler's
father *s fftther |ia« a Jew, and it is certain that
his gpdfajbher was a Jew ; and that one of his sister^p^r
managed a restaurant for Jewish students in Vienna
and another was, for a time, the mistress of a Jew*

* Hitler^s appe^vanee/ when h& wore a long beai^ during
his outcast Vienna' days, was- said to be v^ry Jewish.
Of these facts he \a evidentls^ ashaxaed* Unlike .
lfapoi«on, he has 'injected, islll his relations k

As a partial explanation, of his .coioplex about
Imparity of blood it may be said- that as a boy of
• twelve/ Bit lex' was eaught engaging in some sexual,
experlitient with a little girl; and lister he seems
; to have developed a syphilophebla > with a diffuse
J fear .'Of c^HtttaminatloH ef the blood throu^ contact

with % woman. It is almost certain that this irrational
dre$d was partly due to the association In his mind
of sexuality and excretion. He thought of sexual
relations as something exceedingly filth y»

1, (c) Advocacy of Partlli'ty *'^ Fertility/
the family as the b]!>eedlng ground of warriors « multl*
plication of the German race -> these have been cardinal
points in Hitler* a ideology;
and ' yet -

Hitlor himself la Impotent . ■» He is unmarried
and his old ac<inaintances say that he la Incapable
of cdnsuinmatlng the sexual act in a normal fashiotf.
This infirmity we must recognize as an instigation
to exhorbitant cravings for superiority. Unable to

. - 7 -

' demonstrate Qiale j^oitdjr before o woman, he la impelled
to oonipeneate "hf ^achlbiting Dnaurpassed power before
men In the worldi at large, \ :

1> (4> Achleveihent of Power through Oratory
91tler coifuLd neither change his origins nor decree
his potency, and unlike. Mussolini he has never tried
to develop l^Lmself physically, but he became for a
while the most poiverful individual in the world, pri-
marily by the use of m aaa^ihtoxicatlh^ words, Aristotle
has said that the m&taphor is the most potent force
on earthy and Hitler, master of crude metaphor, has
confirmed the dictusl.in this generation. By seducing
"the masses with his eloquence | and getting them to
accept him as their divinely appointed guide,, he oonH
gelled the smaller circles of Industrialists, polltl-i# . >
oians and military leaders to fall into line also*
Hit^ler speaking before a large audience is a
man possessed, comparable to a primitive medicine
man, or shaman... He is the incarnation ' of ' the, crowd ^s
unspoken needs 'and cravings ; and in this sense he has
been created, and to a large extent invented, by the
people of Qermany.. . .

. ; f^EprnDuc^D AT me mnoMAL AgcmvES ,
. • '• ■ --a

' . ■ Hltlet" has doi^pared the masses to a iromah who
Btust be courted with the arts and skills known to
passion tmlT-;, and It la 90 1 unlikely that the eoiotlonal
source of his ox^glastic speeches were childhood tantruai^
by which he succesaflilly appealed to his ever-indulgent
mother* .

i. (a) Significance of the Counteractive
Pattern , - Counteraction is essential to the develop- .
ment of strength, but' in Hitler's case it has been
extravagant and f]?antic* He has not ascended step
by step,, building the structure of his character
solidly as he went; but instead has rushed fQrw€u?d
witix panting haste, pretentiously. As a result,
thej*e is a great distance between Hitler at his best:
,and Hitler at. lida.;«orst; which means -that when he is
overcome at laat by a greater force he will collapse '
suddenly ond eoftjg^leteiy * and as an utter wreck,

2. Couiiteractlve Aitga^esslon, Revenge . - That
the will to powev and^ the craving for superiority
can not aceouAt for the idiole of Hitler's psychology
is evidenced by his iirtateaaxirable hatred , hatred ex-
pressed in the absence of an adequate atimuius, an
incessant need to find some object on which to vent
his pent-up wratii. This can be traced back with rela- ^-
tive certainty to e3q>erience8 of insult, humiliation

• .'• ' • - 9 ^

-and wotinded pride In childhood. The source of such
insults, we have many reasons to believe, was Hitler's
father, a coarse boastful man who ruled his wife
(twenty- three years, youngei* than himself ) and his
children with tyrannical severity and injustice

2, (a) Eacplanation . * The hypothesis is
advanced,' , suppoirted by much evie^ence, that as a boy
Hitler was severely shocked (as, it were, blinded )
by witnessing sexual intercourse between his parents,
and his reaction to this trauma was to swear revenge,
to dream of himself as reestablishing the lost glory
of ^s^mother by overcoming and humiliating his
father* ' The boy*s relative weakness made this a«tieka
impossible., ai^d so the drive and passion of revenge
yas ' repressed and locked. up within him tmder tension *
Only much later when a somewhat similar stimulus
occurred r the subjugation and humiliation of his
motherlapd (Hitler *s term for Germany) in 1918 -
■ was this ^ ^nergy egijjpeyenge released, after a short
period of shgok and^. h^gfter^ical. blindness .

This would expl^ija the fact that Hitler exhibited
no energetic ambitious drive, pf his own from the age
of 13 years (when his. father, - t|)e enemy, died) to the
age of 29 years (when a new enemy, the conqueror^ *

of ^the motherland, appeared) . It also helps to account
. for Hitler* 8 relentless devotion to the rehabilitation
of Qermany . a fact which is hard to explain in a man
who la so extremely eROcentric in other relations.
In Mein Kampf Bitler repeatedly speaks of permany
as a beloved womah.

(Hot£> In this cobhe6tion it may be said
that the evidence .is in favof of Hitler *a havihg
experienced tlie conraon Oadiptis 6oBg>lex (love of mother,
hate of father)^ but that in his case this pattern
was repressed and submerged by Another pattern: pro-
found ' admirittion-^, envy ethd eimilatibh of his father * s
taasouline power and a cohteifapt oC fejLs mother * s
f eminioe ! s jiibmiifi s ivens n » , ftnd. we ftkne s » Thus both

ftArehts trerS iiftbii^aleht t# him ; his father was

hated and respected ; his mother was loved and de*
preoiated. * Hitler's conspicuous actions have all
bean in imi taction of his father, not his mother.)

Whether this gendl;i||.|. hypo^^sis id oorlrsct
Qi; not, it id certain iiuBit tftsre is. a vast reservoir
of resentmeiit and re veilge in Hitler's make-iip which
aocoiints for hiil Jult of lirtifeallfeSr and his Mnf eibta
of inexcusable destructivenesii andE 6ruelt^#' H§ ' It
possessed by what amounts to a ^ h6Meiditi^'*d^la^liti bh

n -

whioh has no vent In a **weak piping time of peace"
(unless he beoatne an outright criminal), and there-
fore he. has constantly pushed events toward war, or
s cape goa ting.

2. (b) Slgnlf Ipanee of Revenge > - As a
result of the fact that resentment la the mainapring
of Hitlar'a career , it is forever impossible to
hope for any mercy or humane treatment from him.
His reyengefulness can be jsatisfled only by the
extermination of his bountless enemies.

Repression ' of Conscience. Compliance, Love . - •
Unlike Gpering and other a,ssociates. Hitler is no
healthy amoral brute. He. is a hive of secret heurotid
compuhctlona and feminine aehtlmentalltles whicfe have
had to be stubbornly repressed ever since he emba*ice#
on his career of ruthless dominance and revenge .
(instigated by real or isupposed insults). Every
new act of xmusual cruelty, such as the purge of
1934, has been followed by a period of anxiety and
depletion , apdtated dejection and nightmares , which
can be Interpreted only as the unconscloua operation
of a "had ' cons 61 ence . Hitler- wants nothing so much
ftlj tio arrive at the state where he can commil^ crimes
without gailt feelings; but despite his boasts of
having transcended Good and Evil this had not been

V. - 12

possible. The suicidal trend in his personality

is eloquetit testimtmy of a repressed s^lf-condemning

tendeney*

In conj-unction with the repression of conscience
• and the- advance of hat 6 there has been a repression
' of affection and s^^pathy. as if "his spirit seemed
to oM.de such weakness as xuiworthy of its pride , "
a reaction ivhich sometimes occurs in childhood after
an experience of unbearable disillTisionment occasioned,
by the felt treachery of a beloved person. One may
find "a vigilance of grief that would compel the
soul to hate for having loved too well." Hitler's
s^filiativ^ tendehoies have always been very weak ;
he has never had any close personal friends; he i#-
entirely incapable of normal human relationships.
This is due, in part, to the cessation in early life
of sexual development*

3# (a) Self- Vindicating Criminality,
Paradoxical as it may seem. Hitler's r epeated crimes
are partly caused by' cons clehce and the n e cessity
of "appeasing it . For having once set out on a life .
of crime, the man can not ttirn back without reversing
his entire ground for pride and taking the humiliating
path of self-abasement and atoneiaent* The only method

^^p^ODUc^ AT Tff^ mrroN'AL Apcffrvss

*' *'t* ■ *

b& tBia oaf. siifedtttag his moiaitlng tmconacioua guilt
lo %<i 0O]Dijttdtii .asi,oth0r acJb of aggression, and so to
iSi»(iit jsi> ftfl It w6r», by the criterion of aiicceaa. that
lad a ^tsX^tf ja favprpd l?y^.f ortune and therefore .jua tl~
fle^l ^Rd i;*ig fett« failure. Is the only wrong,

S« (b) Slghlfloanoe of the Rggrsaslcn o f
Qohsclinfie by guooaaaful - Crlmipallty . - As soon aa
the tiiai cemjea when repeated offensive actions end
in .failure.^ Eitler will 16ae fa ith .In fc imseXf and
lb hia destiny, ar^S b^coiae the . help J eaa vtotim of h la^
repreafed condolence, with aulcide or mental breakdown
aa the moat likely outcome*

^» Proj^'otion of Crl tlcizab l o Sleinehts of the
■Self . - Hitler perceivea in other people the traita
or tendenclea that are crlticizable in himself*
Thua, instead of being devoured by the vulture of
his own condemning conscience or of his own disdain,
he can attack what he apperceives as evil or con-
temptible in the external worlds and so remain tm-
conacioua (most of the time) of his own guilt or
his own inferiority* l?hia mechanism whereby a man
aees his own wicked impulses or weaknesses in othera,
is called projection * It is 6ne way, the paranoid
way * of malntaihlnp; aelf-eateem. The mechanism

o<l«[^$ 8d^6di»ift«fitX^ in iHtldx^ t&et it la possible
to ije* a ire ry; good 14i^« of thd repudiated portions
of hlii oita ]?ej?ao»eXit3r by aot'lelBg what he condoBma

ixig5» eto* tMs p«»chanls» wcmXd )b»ve had more • •
.^iSMtrifyiui Q^daqtidne.ea I'or. his sanity if he had
iSiot f&ili«dl s^iAe sotfe}?nanc0. ores' it by conscioitsly
adopting; (a* -^ood poll ticaX strategy) the practice
6f bX/s^ming his opponents,

6t • |>ar<j;,^<^id Sijyipto wS'..* Hitler la dynajnical pattern,
^s described, <Sorreaf?>6nrl.s clceely to that of paranoid
insanity*,. Ini^'eed he has «s:hlbltod. at one time or
another^ <l|ill.^pf -the clas3ic-al a y^tpa is o f po.t'& noid
achiaophrenia t hyperaerisitivity, panics of an;36iety,
irratloniil Jealousy, delusions of persecution, de<^
Elusions omnipotence, and. mess iahs hip.

< H(Mr is it^ 'then, that Hitler has escaped con-
finement as a dangerous psychopath? This InterQsting
question will be considered later*

•5. • Reactiona to Oppoaltlon an d Prust ralr-ion. -
Opposition is the stimulus wliioh startles Hitler
into life, in the face of it his powers are gathered
and augmented. When opposition becomes 8tron.^er
resulting in severe frustration, hia reaction has

6ftea bdtO «ia l*QiX.ftwa J (i) emotional outburst.;
taatimm Off jpage diad, aceusatory Indignation ending
In tears aididi. sell>f«'flt^^ succeeded by (11) periods
of l.ilg^y'tlaj $:xj3dU€ftlon, melancholy and Indeclslve-
fiess (a$d<;a!^Snli)d sometimes by hours of acute dejec<«
tlon and disquieting nightmares) leading to recupera-
tlon; aDtd fiiSally (ill) confident and resolut e de-
*^lsl6n to ; aeuntierattabk with great force and ruth-
lesatiessg f be entire cycle may rut} its uourss in ,
24.hoi2ra|- .0^ It ibay be weeks before the aggressive
decision of the third stage Is reached*

For yeal»s this patterri of reaction to frustra-
tloQ hJas mst vlth success; each counterattack has
brought Hitler nearer to his goal. Since the turn
of f orttine on the Russian front, however, the number
of frustrations have, increased and Hitler's counter-^
attacks have failed, at times disastrously. There
is no structure for defense in Hitler's personality:
he can only strike when Inflated with confidence.
or . collapae when confidence abandons him .

As time goes on, therefore, we can anticipate
ah Increase In the Intensity, frequency and duration
of Hitler's periods of collapse, and a decrease in
the confidence and power of his retaliations.

^sip^ODC/cw AT rim mTroN'AL MCffrvES ■■ •

- 18 7

» ■ * .

A point to be >emeinbe]:^ed' about Hitler Is that
' lie started hla career at scratch, a nonentity with
nothing to.lofljsi. and he qieleoted a fanatical path
for himself which requirea^^ an ending - ooinplete
pucfcess (omnipotence) or utter failure (death) .
Ko comproinise, la possible. • Since It Is not he per-
aonally 1^ has .to do the fighting, his collapses can
occur m f>rlirata at Berehtesgedenj whore he can re-
ouperate, and then once again come back ?7lth some
new and alWays more desperate plan to destroy the
enemy. There la a powerful compulsion in him to
sacrifice himself and all ""of Germany to the revenge-
ful annihilation of Western culture , to die , craggingf *
all of iENirope irlth him Into the abyss • This he would
feel was the last resource of an Insulted a n d unendur-
able existence »

7. Keed for Creation, Painting, Ar6hitecture ,
Qerman State, Legerd of Self .- We surmise that
Hitler's early enthusiasm for painting was due to
the fact (1) that this was the one exercise at which
he excelled In school (and thus It offered a compensa-
tory form of achievement); (11) that It provided an
acceptable outlet fpr a destructive soiling tendency
repressed in Infancy; and (ill) that painting, and

, •especially ai>o]%lteQ.ttife latex*, also called for much

* . ' ' ' ' ■ ■

> constructl'NiStdiitSi ffhlch served to balance (operate
as. a i'<»ci«ti«^ foritotloQ tq^ e^d atonement fpr) the
prlmltiire. ti<ladeiJr«i3& to destro;f. . Hitler has always
enjoyed the faiatlng of ruined te^iples (Just as he
has iiked \^ cooeitemplate the destruction of cities
inhabited %t his enemies); but he has likewise taken
.pleeaujna ia pftiatirig liamense castles (juat as he has
'occupied hliaself . designing buildings fo.? che Third
Reich) • .

A careful study of Hitler ♦*s writings anci conduct
has convinced us that he is not entirely devot ad to
destrulcticaQty as eo many claim. In his nature there
is a deep valid strain of creativeness (lacking,
to be sure, the necessary talent). His creativity

* - . *

hafl been engaged in combining elements for an ideology,
in organizing' the National Socialist farty, and in.
composing the allegory of his cwn life. He is the

* - * •

author and leading actor of a great drama.

Unlike other politicians. Hitler has conducted
his life at certain seasons as a Romantic artist
does,, believing that it is the function of a nation's
first statesman to furnish creative ideas, new policies,
and plans .

- 18 -

* Repreaaed Need for t>aasivlty and Abaaiengnt ,

ttasoohlsitt f'-*' Hltler*8 long-concealed secret hetero-
sexual fattti^s 9^ h&S been exposed by the systematic ^
analysis and cfyrai'eXation of the three thousand odd
metaphors t0» uses In Helri jtampf , The results of thl3
atudy Here Xater confirmed by the testimony of one

, who "claims to know". It is not necessary to describe
Its pecttllar fdatiires here; suffice it to say that
the sexual pattern has resulted from the fusion- of
(i) a-i)rimitive excretory soiling tendency , and (11)

f '^L passive mas cchis tip te a tlehbj g- (hypertrophy of the
feminine component in his nake-up). The second
elemsnt (masCchism) derives much of its strength

* • . ' - *

from an uhconacioua heed for' ptmiehmeht, a tendency

• • • ■ •

whicb may be expected in one who has assiduously re-
pressed, out of swollen pride, the submissive reactions
(oonqaliande,* cooperation, payment of debts, expression
of gratitude, acknowledgment of errors, apology,
confession, atonement) which are required of every-
body who would adaptively participate in social life.
?rhile Hitler consciously overstrives to assert his
infinite superiority, nature Ihstincttvely corrects
the balance by imposing an erotic pattern that calls
for infinite ' self-abasement « . .

- 19 -

This erotic pattern, however. Is not a strong
force In Hitler's personality, nor does it comprise
his entire . libidlnal Investment. It alternates vrlth
other patterns ' repressed (or as some claim overt )
hbmoseacuality , for example.

What Is Important to recognize here is that the
purpose of Hitler's prolonged cotmteractive efforts
is not solely to rise above his hijcblc crigina, to
overcome his weaknesses and ineptitudes, but rather
to check and conquer/ by means of a vigorous Idealego
reaction form e t lot i, a n '\iR<?erlying positiv e cra ving
for passivity a nd aubnisa ioh* Thore is no space
hero for the mass of evidence bearing on this point
but a few examples can be briefly listed: (i) the
large feminine component in Hitler's physical constitu-
tlon', also his feminine tastes and sensibilities;
(ii) his Initial Identification with his mother;
(ill) his exaggerated subservience, in the past, to
masterful superiors (army officers, Ludendorff, etc.);
(Iv) attraction to Roehm and other domineering homo-
sexuals; (v) Hitler's nightmares which, as described
by several Informants, are very suggestive of homo-
sexual panic; (vl) some of Hitler's Intcirpretetlons
of human natip^e, such as when he says that the people
"want someone to frighten them and make them shud4erlngly

» ■. '

- 20 -

0ubiiiisslVe'*;. (vll) Hitler 'sr repeated assertions that
- he intend$| like Sulla, to abdicate power (after an
orgy of conquest ^th ftill catharsis of his hate)
and live quietly by hinraelf j^Jpainting and designing
buildings; and finallyi, (viii) 'recurrent suicidal
threats* .

. II, 3S»$. tdeoc^htricity, Dedication to the Making
of an - id e ally Power f ul German y, - Fo trv.e 3ennan,
frieqd or foe, has ever. claimeJ thab Hltjai* is not
'Sincere in hiis dovc tion to the Prv.ssiah ailitarista '
ideal for Qer mahy^ Thus wa can say that he lias been
ideocentric (dedicated to an idea) for the lest twenty
. years.' Because the idea consists cf a plan for a
society fl>om tvhich the majority of his fellow country-
nen will supposedly benefit, we can apeak of him as
dooiocentrio (S) also. But since this interest in
hia ocmntrymen is clearly secondary to his personal
anbltlon - fame, immortality - we put egocentrlcity
(E) fivat; and so write « E. S. Ideocehtriclty. It
is rare to find so much ideocentricity in a narcistic
personality; but only those who are incapable of such
dedication are likely to doubt the reality of it In
Hitler.

1» Inaociatioh In Germany . - Since Hitler and

- 21 -

a large body of .the German people are mutxially
agreeable, we can apeak of him as insoclated ,
accepting and accepted* It is Hitler* a intense affec-
tion, for the-Retich (perhaps felt to this estent only
by a nationalist born outside its boundaries) that
has acted as a decisive factor in (i) his winning the
support of " the people and so satisfying, his will to
power; (11) giving htm "the feeling ,/-D f y o ; al;16d , the
sense of mission; (ill) providing njoral ^ -gatlficatiori
(in his- own mind) for many illegaL acts; and (iv)
keeping him r el stlvely sane, by bringing him into
association with a group of like-minded men and so
delivering him from the pei^ils of psychological
isolation.

^ ( l?6te . * The supposition that in Hitler's mind
Germany is identified with his mother helps to. explain
the fervor of his dedication.)
Ill, Sentiments . -

Host of Hitler's sentiments are well known and
have already been listed; his high valuation of
Power, Glory, Dictatorship, Nationalism, Militarism,
and Brutality; and his low valuation of Veakneaa,
indecision. Tolerance, Compassion, Peace, Rational
Debate, Democracy, Bolshevism, Materialism, Capitalism

-22 -

the Jewish Race, Christianity. A slnqpllflcatlon
would be that of regarding him as the advocate of
the aggressive Instinct (War. Power and Olory) vs .
the" aoguisltive Instinct (BusihesS^ Peace and
^dsj^erity) » ■ Two questions deserve special con-
siderations (1) Why, when he was living as an outcast
in Vienna, did Hitler not beecoie a Cenmiu^ilst? and
(2) What is the explanation of Hitler *a extr^eme
An 1 1- Semi tisin?

. i. . l^tenidhahts of ' flltler^af Ahtt-Coianunieiiv.

1.. fa) Hitler's father was an upward
mobile In&lvidiuil. Starting as a |>easant, he worked
his way Into the lower middle class, establishing
a boundary between himself etnd those below him. "
Both parents respected their social superiors. Thus
Hitler instinbtively retreated from too close associa-
tion with the workmen of Viennai*

i. (b) Hitler was too frail for construc-
tion work, was unable to^ hold a Job^ and therefore
had little opportunity to become associated- with a
Union.

1. (c) Having bi^en an ardent nationalist
since the age of 12, Hitler's line of <6le)Giviage (conflict
between nations) did not conform to the communists' .
line of cleavage (conflict between classes)*

. \. - 23 -

X*;,id) Hitler has always been an advocate
. Of the hie rajfcMo^l principle : government by the
jTittestf i-lgftrously trained and proved In action,
Hha ideal of CommunisiB, on. the other hand, calls for
a wide distribution of power among those xintrained

«

to nile. ' ' .

1. (e) Hitler's sentiments have been with
militarism from earliest youth* The materialism of
Coraraunism never appealed to him..

1. (f ) Lacking sympathy for the underdog,

i

;'thc humanitarian: aspect of Communism did not attract
him. Hitler has always been a bully.
« jS» Determinants of Hitler's Ant l-Semitigatn.^

2. (a) The influence of wide- spread Anti-
Semitic sentiments (represented especially by such
men as Lueger and Feder), traditional in Germany.

2, (b) Hitler's personal frustrations
required a scapegoat as focus for his repressed aggres
sion<^ The Jew is the classic^ scapegoat becaxise he
does not fight back with fists and weapons.

2. (c) The Jew was an object whom
Hitler could suitably project his own inferior self
(his sensitiveness, weakness, timidity, masochistic
sexuality) <

'^^fip^ODaciiD AT rim mrroN'At MCfffVES ■

; - 24 -

2, (d) After the Verealiles Treaty the
German people also needed a scapegoat. Hitler offered
them the Jewish race aa an act of political strategy.

2*- (e) Hbvlng assembled a veritable army
of gangsters (Nazi troopers) and aroused their fight-
ing spiriti it f«a necessary tQV Hitler to find some
object upon whom these men could vent their brutish
passions » to. canalize anger away from himself.;
< 2< (f ) Jews> being non-militi9triatic^

could only impede his program on conquest. In
eliminating them he lost no sizeable support*

2* (g) Jews were associated with several
of Hitler's pet antipathies : btisiness, materiallsny^
democracy, capitalism, communism.

2» (h) StMie Jews were very rich and Hitler
needed an excuse for dispossessing them.
IV. l>6rmaX ' Struo t\ire . Hysteria , Sohizophrenie

Hitler has a relatively weak character (ego
structure >; hia great strength comes from an-
emotional eon^lsx which dri^s him periodically.
UsTially he can not voluntarily force himself to stick
to a routine of fork} he must be compelled from inside,
lifted on a. wave of passion.. His Id (instinctual
forces) and ego (voluntary control) are in league;
his superego (conscience) is repressed <

-.25"-

\, Hysteria » - Hitler has exhibited various forms
of hysterical dissociation, most, notably in. the two
symptoms which constituted his war neurosis in 1918,
namely blindness and aphonia (mutism)* He experiences
periods of marked abstraction, violent emotional
outbursts, visions of hallucinatory clarity. In
speaking before crowds he is Virtually pQso^jsed «
He cleal'ly belongs to the sensational C(»iipany of
history-making hysterics, combining, as he does, ,
some of the attributes of the primitive shaman; the
religious visionary/ and the crack-brained demagogue-
consummate actors, oiie and all.'

It is Important to note, however, that Hitler
has a lairge ' measure ' of ' control ' over his ' complexeii »
He uses cih emotional outburst to get his own way,
turning it on or off as the occasion requires* As
Srikson says, he "knows how to exploit his hystex*la...
Oh the Atage of German historic Hitler senses to what
. extent it la safe and expedient to let bis own person-
ality represent with Jtiysterlcal abandon what lives
in every German listener and reader."

2. achigophrehla Psychiatrists are not un-
familiar with borderline stateL.9A:^lying' between hysteria
and schizophrenia. Xn 90me cades the former develops

^ . . - 25 ^

into the latter (a aerloua Variety of insanity).
Since Hitler,- aa noted above, haa exhibited all the
aydiptoma of paranoid aohizophrehia ^ the possibility «
of a eonspiete aental hreakdoim la not remote.

jBere again, however. It should be observed that

■ t»raPoid dynaiylca can " he iiaed very " effectively in
rodainf^ and f octtaalhg the f oroea of a Biihopi ty party
or of a defeated nation . The strategy consists chiefly
In (i) painting vivid and exaggerated word" pic ti;ures
of the Crimea and treacherdua evil purposes of your
powerful opponents, (delusions of persecution); -(ii)
persuading your own group of its innate superiority
and glorious destiny (delusiona of grandeur); (ill)

.subduing consolenco by asserting that your common
end Justifies, the means ^ that your opponents have
used the most dastardly means in the past; and (iv)

' blaming your enemies for every frustration, every
disaster that occurs. In consciously employing these
taotiea Bitler has exploited his own paranoid trends
and retained some governance over them.
' Thus the answer to the question. How has Hitler

escaped veritable Insanity? might he this; (1) he
has gained a larger mdastire ' of control " over his
hysterical end perahbid trends by uaing them

- 27 -

consciously and successfully In the achievement
of his' alms; (11) ho has Identified himself with and
dedicated himself to a soolocehtrlc piirpoae, the
creation of an ideal Qermany; which has served to
diminish the pjains and perils of an isolated egocen-
trism; and (111), he has beeA supremely sudceasful
in imposihg his visions and ' delttsioha (conforming,
as they did, with existent trends) upon the German
people, and so convincing them of his unparalleled
superiority. 7hua his irreal world 'l&as he coAe reel,
insanity la sanity .

V. 1. Abilities and JSf.f eftfcLve traits . ~ Hitler ' a
«u^b6is has depended to fl'^arge extent upon his own
|fecuiiar abilities and traits ;

1* (a) The ability to express with passion
the deepest needs and longings of
the people*
1. (b) The ability to appeal to the most
primitive as well as to the most
ideal tendencies in men.v
1. (c) The ability to simplify complex

probfSiii and arrive at the quickest
aplutioni

1. (d) The ability to use metaphblf and draw
0# traditional imagery an^ i^th in
speaking a£rd writing.

'mP^ODUC^£) AT mnON'AL A^Cff/VSS,

- 28 -

. X« Cd) . 7he .ability to evoke the sympathy

jr:" ;^ > and pfotectiveness of his people.

The leader* *s welfare be come a a matter
of concern to then.

' * i:> (f) Complete dedication to hia mission;

• >

abtindant self-confidenae; and stubborn
adjlierenee to a few principles*

1« (g) Mastery of the art of political
organization.

1. (h) Tactical genius; precise timing.

1. (i) Mastery of the art of propaganda.
2. j>rihciples of Political Aotiori . -

Among the guiding principles of Hitler's,
political philospby the following are worth listing:
2* (a) Success depends on winning the
. support ofl. the masses.

2. (b) The leader of a now movement must

appeal to youth.
2. (c) The masses need a sustaining Ideology;

it is the function of the leader to

provide one.
2. (d) People do not act if their emotions

are not roused. ^
2. .(e) Artistry . and drama are necessary to

the total effect of political rallies

and meetings.

• 29 -

2. (f) The leading statesman ntust be a
creator of ideas and plans •

2« (g) Success Jtustifies any means.

2<i (h) A new movement can not tritimph
'-■^ • without the effective use of

terrorisitic methods

B. ft'ediotlotilB of Hitler *s Behavior
Whatever else happens it can be confidently pre-
dicted "that Hitler » a neurotic spells will increase
in frequency and duration and his effectiveness as a
leader will diminisk ; reaponaibility will fall to a
greater or less extent on othei^ shoulders. Indeed
there is s<»ae evidence that his mental powers have
^ been, deteriorating slnce^.last November, 1942. Only
once or twice has he appeared before his people to
enlighten or encourage them. Aside ..from the increase

• in netarotic symptoms the following things might happens

1. Hitler may be forcefully seized by the
Military Command or by some revolutionary faction in

• Germany and be ixmnured in some prison fortress .
This evmt is hard to envisage in view of what we
know of the widespread reverence for the man and the
protection that la afforded him. But if this were
to occur the myth of - the invincible hero wo\ild end

- 50 «

'l^either Ignomlnlotisly, and Hitler shaidcl eventiially
be delivered into our hands.. The General Staff
will no doubt become the rulera of Oermany if Hitler's
mental ephdition deteriorates much further (Option #5)

2; Hitler may be shot by 'some Qeraan . - The
'man ha« fea|»ed this eventuality for many year$ and
today he ia protected aa never l?ef ore. Qerraana are
not inelined to ahoot their. leaders. This is possible
but not., very likely.

9* Hitler way arratige to tjave himself shot l?y
some Qerman* perbapy by a Jgiw * rfhis would oomplete
the myth, of the hero death at the hand of some
trusted follower: Sie^ried stabl^ed in the back by
^Hagen, Qaefar by Brut\2S^ Christ betrayed by Judas.

It might increase the fanaticism^ of the soldiers

> . .1

for a while and ei^eate a legend in conformity with
th9 ancient pattern* If Hitler could arrange to have
a jJew» aome paranoid like, himself^ kill him, then He
could die in the belief that hia fellow countrymen
would rise in their wrath and massacre every remaining
Jew in; Germany*. Thus he might try to indulge his
inaatiable ravejogefulness for the last time.

4, gitXer may get himself killed leading his
elite, troopa in battle . - Thus be would live on aa a

- 31 - .

heco In the hearts of his ooimtrymeci • It la not
unlikely . that he will choose this course, which would
be very undesirable from our point of view, first
because his death would serve as an example to all
his followers to fight with fanisitieal death-defying
energjf to the bitter end, and second, because it would
insure Hitler's immortality • the Siegfried who led
the Aryan hosts against Bolshevism and the Slav,
This is one of Hitler* 3 favorite poses.

.8, fiitlea^ jmay ^6^ insane .^ The man has been on
the' veyge of pa|panoid schizoph^renia for years and
. with the mounting load of- finistvation and failure
he may yield his will to the turbulent forces of the
tinconsoious* This would not be undesirable frcm our
standpoint, because, even if the fact were hidden
frran the people, morale would rapidly deteriorate
as rumors spread, and the legend of the hero would
be severely damaged by the outcome. If Hitler became
insane, he should eventioally fall into the hands of
the Allied Nations .

S. Hitler ihay oomnAt, tmicide . - Hitler has often
vowed thp^ he would commit suicide if his plans
miscarried; but if he chooses this course he will do
it at the last moment and in the most dramatic possible

r- 32 -

. mannei>« He will retreat, let us say, to the Impregnable
little refuge that was built for him on the top of
the mountain bohlnd the Berghof (Berchtesgaden) .
There alon^ he irill ivait until troops come to take him
prisoner.. As a grand climax he will either (1) blow
up the mountain end himself with dynamite; or (li)
make a funeral pyre of hie dwelling and throw himself
on it (a fitting O^tterdfimmerung; or (iii) kill him-
self with a silver bullet (Emperor Chrlatophe); or
. (iv) throw himself off the parapet. This outcome^
..undesij^abXe for us^ is not at all unlikely.

Hitler may die of natural causes .

8, Hitler may seek rofuj^e in a neutral country. -
This is not likely, but one of his associates might
drug him end take him to Switzerland in a plane and
then persuade him that he should stay there to write :
his long- planned Bible for the German folk. Since
the Hero's dessrtion of his people wovtld seriously
damage this legend, this outcome would be more
desirable than some, of the other possibilities.

9» fiitldr may fall into the hands of the
United nations. - This is perhaps the least likely,
but the most desirable, outcome*

- 35 -

In aaking these predictions we have heen swayed
most by the supposition the't Hitler's chief concern
Is the immortality of his loggnd and consequently
he will 'endeavor to plan his .own end according to
the most heroic^ tragic and dramatic pattern*
Options #5 (insanity to some extent) and (dr&matic
suicide), 0|> #4 (death at the front), strike us as
most probable today.

Propaganda measures should, if possible, be
devised to prevent #4 and #5.

C. »3 | u^eatl6h8 for the I'regtmeht'bf Eitlor

1, After the pefQet of J^ermany^ if Hltlor is
talteia ipto custody " baF the . TJni tod Na.tl 6ns Any one
of the conventiohel puniahm - a trial followed
by oxGoution, by life impriaonment or by exile -r
will provide a traffic ending for the drama of Hitler's
sensational career; and thus contribute the elomdht
that is noeesaary to the resurrection and perpetuation
of the Hitleyien legend , ^^hat can the Allies do that
will spoil the tragedy and thus kill the legend?
As an answer to this question, the following plen is
suggested;* It should work if properly executed.

- 54 - ■■

1. (&) Bring the NaEi leaders to trial;
Qondemn the ohief culprits the death, but proclaim
Hitler mentally unbalanced*

1. (b) Commit Hitler tp an insane asylum .
(such as St« Sli&abeth*s, Washington, D< C.) and house
him in a comfortable dwelling specially b\illt for hia
occupaneyy lict the world know that he is being well
troetedf

1* (c) Appoint a committee of psychiatrists
and psycliiologiats to examine him and test his faculties
at r.egwle?' intervals < Unknown to him, have sound'*
filiwi taken of hi? behavior* They will show his fits
and tlra^lea and ooi^dewnationt? Pf everyone in the world,
including tl^ German people*

^, (d) Exhibit regularly to the public
of the entire world selected segments of these sotind-
reels^ 8X> tha^t it <sen be 9een how unbalapced he is,
how mediocre his performance on the customary tests.
•If taken in a routine, scientific and undramatic manner
the piotuJi'es will become quite tireaorae after a while
and the people will get bored with ttltlor In a year or
sp« (Trust science to. take the drapie out of anything.)

\i (e) Hitler's case shpwld bo presented
to the world as a lesson: "Thia is what happens to •

- 35 -

* * . ■

crack- brained fanaticct who try. to dominate the world."
As auch it could serve as a powerful deterrent to
• others with fantasies of world dtnoinatlon.

1. (f ) A thorough study of Hitler's personal-
ity would be of considerable iinportancd to psychiatry;
and the publication of a* carefully documented book
on the fiubjeot would not only act as a deterrent
(publialhe4 in populaj* form) to futtire would-be Hitlers,
but would ^9 a fri^ifioant contribution to science.

3. Between ' Now and the Cosggtlon of Hcstllities . -
7he aim should be eithe:k> (1) to acoelorcte Hitler*^
mental deterioration, to drive him insane; or (ii)
to prevent hija from iiisuring the perpetuation of his
legend by ending hi* life dramatically and tragically.

There are various psychological techniques avail-
able for accelerating Hltler'p nervous bror'kdown,
but they will not be considered hero. None could be
so certeiply effective as repeated military setbacks.

Wo aha 11 limit ou^sej^vos to a few measures which
might serve (a)) to deter Hitlej? from arranging
a hero'a or a mertyr's death for himself, end (2. (b))
to make him believe that the immortality of his legend
will not suffer if ho falls into tho hands of the
United Nations •

- 36 -

2* (a) Flood Germany with conmunlcatiohs
(leiaflets, short-wave^ long- wave, official speeches,
undergS*ound transmission from Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey) telling the .people that Hitler can not be
trusted, that he is planning (quoting Hess, Strasser^
B^nfataetigel, lUkuschnlng and other Na^is in England
and Ainerlca) to Isave them treacherously to their
fate by gettJ.i?g himself killed. This will be a sly
trick of his to insure his own prestige and future
faipe. He does not care foi* the Gorman people; h9 cares
only fp? his Mrjs gloyy. He is ho better than a sea-» '
captain who quits hia ship, leaving his crew to
drown. Drop vivid cartoons of Hitler rushing
ludicrously forward to his death on the Russian front
(out pf a guilty conscieiice over the noble Germans he
has condemned tp. die there f pr his glory) ; also
cartoons of his arranging to have himself shot, and
others of his committing suicide. Interpret this as
the easy way out, a cptnardly betrayal of his people,
the act of a bad conscience,- the quintossenco of
vanity. Warn the people against him,, the false
prophet, the Judas Ispariot of the German Revolution,
etcetera^ If hundreds of those leaflets, pamphlets >

- 37 -

ttroamers .03?^ dropped over Berchtesgaden, the chances
«ire thet seiae i?f them will foil lii places where Hitler
himself 18 likely to coBtte oh them* He ia very siis-
W^iWe to ^dicule, and if the cartoons are clever
.enough to make aulPlde seem cowardly, grotesque, or
tidleuloua, it may be enough to deter him, Predic-
. tioh will $P9U th« startling effect.

' ^» (b) Flood Germany with another series
of qopaw^icatlons in which the people are told that
^he Haal ieade;?» who Xsd them into this disastrous
WHS going to be e^s^QUted » ffV^^^^P^ Hitler,
' who will to exiled to Saint Helena where he can brood

* pvesii hts sin? for the reat tX bis Uf«« "^^l^^^
if wQ tlioughtt that tWf wafl the most terrible of all
punishments. But actually this idea should appeal
to Hitler, who ©peatly admires Napoleon and knows
that the Napoleonic legend was fostered by the man's
last years at 3aittt Helena, This treatment would

• be better than any be could now be hoping to receive
from his enemies. It mlgW positively attract him.
He would imagine hi»i»elf painting landscapes, writing
his new Bible, end making plans for an even greater
Oermanr^f^volutt^^h tp be effiirried out in his namo thirty
years henoOf

. . ' I - 38 -

By the repeated and not too obvious tise of these
two messages Hitler irdnild he faced by a conflict
betweejl (1) a self-annlhllatlon which might be in-
.. terpreted as a- cowardly betrayal^ and (2) a peaceful
old age at §alnt Helena, He might choose the latter
and so allow himself to be taken by the Allies.
Only later frguLd he discoyer that ther^ was to be
lip .Saiht Hel^ena for him« This trick of ours is
Justtifiod by ueoesslty of preventing the re9urrec-
tipn of the memory of Hitler aa a superman to rouse
futluf*e gene^iations of criminala and revolutionaries.

J). Sugjp^estions for the g?retttment of the
• ■■ §erfean;;f2^t)^^ ^

Hastening the BreakdoWft of GeWnltoy^s Fftith in

Hitler. ^Che German people have put their «hole trust

in Hitler. Ho is their riitaft . ii6 loilitary cofiimander

representing 'i special clasd ediij.d be their man.

Having taken the entire respon8ibil,ity for the conduct

of affairs, he has become their ocaiacience and so

relieved them tempprarily of guilt > TheTm'ld'9»>^v>"'

system and security-system of each individual German

is thus based on Hitler^s'gmiu? and success. Tlie

bulk of the people will not eftsily be persuaded of

mp^ODuc^D AT rm-mmMAL 'Apcffrvss

- 39 -

Ills incompetence and falseness. They will cling as
long as possible to the illiision of his omniscience
because without this they have nothing. V/hen it
comes y the disenchantment will be sudden and catas-
tyophic to -German moral& generally .

The Allies can 7ely on the march of physical
events to bPing about the eventual disenchantment
of th« Qfirman people; but since events will march
f aatey ajc^d. th© Wfi^r will end sooner if this disenchant-
ment can be hastened by other means, the Allies should
not overlook the power of words to change sentiments
and attitudes* The foillowing suggestions may prove
of s<me value*

1. (a) Technique o:^ epmrqunication *- One
effective method would be thi^t of printinf^ leaflets
containing the names ^ ranfe and regiments of German
soldiers recently talgen pyisoner * The Gestapo could
hardly succeed in preventSig anxious parents from
picking up these leaflets to obtain the latest news
of their sons at the front.' Communications of this
sort might start somewhat as follows: N£\iVS FROM THE
FRQNTt Among the 2^^000 German soldiers who svirrendered
to the Yiorld Army in Sicily the following were happy
at the prospect of going to America* the land of free

speech and free action: Corp, Hans Schmidt, Capt,
Helnrlch Wlttels> etc* etc. are you laughing^** ,

they were asked*. ^'Because^f they answered, "we are
going to the United States; whereas you are going
to the land of the False Prophet and the Gestapol"
etc*, etc* ■

We suggest that HEWS PROM THE FRONT be distributed
at regular weekly ioterval^. like a newspaper; in
order that th<) Qeimns will learn to expept it. and
look forward to it, «ince it will contein news that
thdy can npt obtain in apy other way.

Mixed in with the lists of Oenuan prisoners could
be printed the messages that we wi^h to impart to the*
people,

1* (b) Name f6r Hitler *^ In tl^e minds of
many GermfiHS the woi^ '^Hitler** is ptill surrounded
by a layer of roverantial f eslings which protect his
image froiQ attack* T^er^for^ it would be better not
to refer to hin (except ogeapionally) by name. Much
more $v(btly offeotivo would bo the tise of another
term; False Prophet or t'alsQ Messiah* Xiater more
derogatory terms * tl^e Amateur strategist. Corporal
Satan, world Criminal No* 1 - might bo effective*

- 41 -

M£;p^dDuc£;D AT rm mnoMAi.AMcmvjE-s -

Xn (c) gufeatl1j4tlon of a Higher Symbol » 4

need tt» W0ir^h4^« ^^^ti ^sind ^^fiDc^if^oe. Fhen this
b^ -^$dtta$Qd ,oi& $010$ 911^^4;;' « OfQd« the Absolute 4 f^e^
O^jniiaG $tiit4t tUft faetei^ « ih«ty w ha|3ff and l»ii$iithy,
QOtmo^uently, litj wlJsl be e^fili^r to brea)c their pfdsent
RlXtglaaQa t0 it t aatl^afaotory substitute id

l^X>«fieii.1<dd* thi Cte^Kis will not readily accept a.'

' . " ( ' . • . • . • . ■ • , . •

value that Identified in their mlnda with th^

apecial preferencds of an enemy»nation (I^eiiH^cracy,

e^^^jj it lag apmethlrig higher. ' something ^\ipra^

alti^nal thut "wiXl ejeoitfi the respect of ali peoples

i^XS,k@t. thMV^ is a grej-t need now , rather than ieter,

fojp som0 fern of ^orid Pede ration * But iftoking ^iajr

the Allies in their message to ^ermcnyj^ eho^ld VMM

terms that suggest ita apirit*. Agsiinst Hltleji*^ the

Fllse Prophet| the prf^agendiata shouJ^ Speak of th0

WttTld Cons ci erioe (the name Of 6od can' not be used

without hypocrisy), and should speak of the forces '

of Russia, Great Britain^; jF^nce, and the Americas aa

thaB World Army # (N,B* Suggestion for one leaflet; •

Question: Whd has seduced the Ocrm&n people from

their true path? Who has tiirned their hearts against

the Conaoie^i^^ of the World? Who ia reaponsible

this tiifie for Germany* a encirclemont by the World

Army?!*. To bi effective the terms "World Conacience**

Ar»y*'lWJait W-Jfepoatfe^ frequently, «world

1* (a) A 6&Xte4ti6a- sk6^Xd tit nmdQ of

thift:tiMt. Aom6^aW6i%in$ Sl.tX$»U d^ldfil 6imt«ii^t:
' 0f thd ^9498 • SK6h WH fM fWWi $hpvLi4 dhd

l» (0)' fdefillfj^atidi^f ailler^^^
fi^veXopiftent of tij^ iraif fiirty aad tttlef iJiafcXieXy

m thli peitit ahtfuXd be x«(i|)£'inli0d#)
S^^doXinita faXX lirllX do oitieh. t6 undetntioo Oej^n
ffioi«aXa« htd n<i 6^|»oH;uaitif 'ahiitiXd bo iblaaed to
a trdai ^ edto^litfti '^^oHween Ho» dea tlriy arid
Iivitga61iftl « ^ d<li'fi<ift - ilie 15ecXli!i« and U^IX of the
tfia&ftlf AlXLiatte0 * -

X»' (f) ^ Ifhe Conception 61 Destiny » ' «
(HftBiiOtf bo lie ve jft ' ij>redea tlha tloft (the; wave, of t^iie

* * * *

iHxttite), and all ooanKUiicatloQd addS^eaaed to them ahotiXd
bo writion aa- 11^ thfi defeat of tfaa B%:Xae Prophet
Urol^ a forefond coQclualon. Soibe measagea ahotiXd
iteaa from tfe^ «Vol«o>of Klatofy**

• I* (f) faking Advantage of Hitler < a '

IjiTanlhg ; ftm^H * gitSktr* 8 j^iPOOlsG Status and pole la

jp]RG(&dbl3r dua tQ 6 g:^owlfig iae^^Qeitjp %q taXtiXl his

dQteriotating*- Thit gJjoviXd b«3 £5:as\ancd io' talklQg
' t6 tho (i^lMn:,lSi^(!fpX0i ^xamptsi Vif*)* that

. , > ■ • • ' ■ ■

< . •■

of ajentalf siiQelalista^ what has b^oomo of the SpiJPit
of >&aOiSttf' * Qj? you still l»ell<5ve that a loan
whoad &0inltf ;hSi$ hQQd eotaplcitelif tmderaiinedi by Oullt
ttn Idod' the Qermah people to viotopy ag^iIiSt the

(h) 6eiTacay*s' Oho roinolnlttg Ally. Jopbl^^ *
^he Mzi Vo^iiao should bo constantly ooupled with
Tapani llX MU ir(>alcal op satirical inanner* For exaaplii}
i^Tho SAfid aad tholp bl&od»brothops^ the Japanese;
havo bojbh demonstrated thdll* willingness to dio foit
Satais m- this summer one million of them have thro^rn

iiimy ths^ix* lixroi^ ia a futile a

elvllleatloa,*^ ♦•who is po sponsible for this ignoble
league of Grormahy and Japan against the Consolonce
of the World?" "A fact to be ozplaine4: Germans
ftPe dyifig every day fighting with Japanese against

Gormaa*AmePifeens« Why 1$. thst? whe le responsible t**

" ■ ' . ■ '
1* (4j Ihmlch Student Manifesto . -> In

pin^nlng jiie«dag«ii tei d^Mianj^ hinti for ond line tsf

propa^ndd oan t)« oMfti,ned ttm thd i^ffvoXtitiondrj^

manifesto dis'tributdd Xt9% y^ar stisdenta at ther

«■'•.*
University lfta»i«hi

■ .* ■ . . . • * • ■

8< l^g^ft »f yajS* Crttfeinali; -

(a) t%t^'^%%i^^9XXt is ioiport<i&t
that Mtlej^ or tht Xeadssr of thft STisi Ferty/bd

V

th« to tttrrfin4l4i» sfid ^1^ thd £»«ae<r tt^ats^.
The Alli08 sh<yi»id li^sist m this> di&(iniM .^ra^ th^
gttfigst«rs nith^t oer«$tson^ fron their hidltig plades
and forod them t$ si^« (A little trickery at thid
p&int iroliid be jiistified«> Thft terms should be
aefe^s 4^ ^'irst «! Later when a utoro Hpresentative
gotrenwdnt has been established ths. terms can be made
iHore, lenient. Thus in the future the dicto tors will
be recalled in corihectioh #ith the hTimiliatlon of ^
unconditional ' sttit^i'ender; whereSs the deitaocratlc
govertpent will get the credit of securing niilder terms <

^< (b) A World Courts at least one member
of lihich is a . Swiss and one a Sw^doj should immediately
publish a list of war criminals^ as complete as possible
ahd ftsiitr^X dountries should bat offitiially warned
that no awn on thi^ list mst b^ ^trsin s^notuary^

. 45 «

The Allies should be prepared to Invade any country

^;^t baj^bors > iffor Id criminal «

* •■ .".*■»•../■•"

2, (c> TIbA tHal d# the ]rar criminals

■ . . • • 1, • • .

sh!e>uid b^' curried out idth the utmost despatch. It

•• , ■ .

must not t^- allowed to dfajs qi<) foi^ months « as this

woul4l give ths $9X^1:^8 K conTFlnolQg impression of oul*

mojjfiiX W^aldDie^S aiid ijidoinpe tehees and postpone thel{»

r^generatl<^^* In connection vlth th^ trial a short

jre&dshle boi^k sh(^iil-^be published Izi Oeroan explaining

the n^tiarW ot iiitemflitional lav (thf brothei?hood *

of nations). and exposing the crimes Committed by the

fcus^isttl in A.B.Ov language «

1 A pamphlet Qomparihg the teins of the Versailles

Tl^astjr with Grormany'a method of dealing with conqusrfd

etskujtriea shouXd.be givent wide circulction*

■ 5« Treatment of the German People, after the
Cessation of Hbstllities. -

It^ii ^tnuaisd th^t aemny. will bs invaded and '

OO^upi^d iyAmied' forces I that aimtiitaneously tho^^

will be upi^islngs of slave laboi* and of civilians la

diiilcupled territories; that mCieh Gkroa^i blood will be

S;^illedt This is as it should be a fitting Nemesis*

TlbiS Allied tiroops wiil march in and eventually restorst

Qt'd9jr< This function of restoring oxtder will make

■ their presence more acceptable td thi drermana. ,

- 48 -

t%mny» |a»<i«i«t«<t t£lii^ wt ulU fin* the Gorman

to dbe^^og i^n art9lt^«'|^' 4i«t«s«al' «iUtih(>rit;r# t^hor ^3.1

7l3er« wl^XX ft wiiTS orte and 9%de^40« Apattijf
.1^3.1 be tfid«w8ii)!«ftd» ^vjiieUI inia»«d thrmigh A period

' $t!(d iBos>tif i

Jitf^i^^Bniisttiati and aonfttalon will ba gensi^al,
Qfit^dtlng a bl»#9diiii$ ft^fiund f <»$^ evdtii at ^xki^m
ihdiyldualiS]B« A 00nald«i^bl4 ]>8lc^ Q|f iiha p^ptt^al^l^oii
fd^il b0 velglidd daiMS « bd«ifS^ ($end«i of. ^Xt« i^eh
ahould.Xaed to ar.t^dvlirai roXl^Qt)* viXX
b0 laid 4 dfdx^lttial t<9i0lidS'^titHa$ &{»d p«l!»ittl£Ki
thd d«)^tsif« indl» v^V inh«ielii tht Utttoitts

fi(tiutN9;.«cmafiii!«e^«ii idll. t&)f«i to Xii$ttld&^«

t^ Clil^ai friXX ffl'vveht r^annanteat and tho

9d>$'iMi(l 6f,t«.ir ntateriala. Aa Dr. f'derstei* haa aald:
^ a" t6f t peace ' f of (Germany wlXl be ' a very hard peace
■ for th^.derman peoplo, doliverl^lj them to the Prussian
caste who Xed them astj^y* * .

■of G^mnajii Stftt«|. (4> .tihat ^(»v0S> IS- tifi fKaniited
trtiOEta ave»irthl£iil and (SS th&lt Ml#k« nakaji il^t»

saali^d that #4 a£»« dQaXinf fltti.s staffoj^ian^
fiitCM l»6X«&fieildl tr«»dif <l«li»iidn» a^ ^fido^l 4aluAioi»:i

. aaA >(aatett|»ti «jf a|»fd»Q<Si&i:»r dfi^^gdtioaj, 8«(ii|ti4ieiua»daa

of a |^aMtt^i^ pdi^iSfdMlitt ociia b«i adapted to tHa

' <$amr4taiQ£t a^ Qax^gau^*' attas^tlsiil tbli va stutat

SS«(ft} Pirat Step ^« The physician must
t , gcln the respect of the petienF *

■ y

(1) tndlYidijtal paranoids ». Pafanoid?
6a^ noil !^ tf«$tod stuK^aaafu^ly if tiio^ a#e not i^prosiiod

- 48 -

MSFWDucsD AT rm mrroMAii AMcmvss

. (eOntfii^Usljf 6? tiac©n«6iously) by the ability, knowledge

. ^ ■ • .

«rl|f(l9)il» 0r mief' ompietlc f ofcdi, at the physl«lan

» • . ■. . . .

this sidet l^di^g fuU isf sirs

(ti) ^il3SSM** Mgtnidnti that
Qd^uj^9> i3«]?iiiiai}|^ fthduiel' >e finest thdt th^ tJ^ited .
titlonA 6A)i «tfil«atbl*. '»%ii^m%%% with a hi4iiGi»t 6if .

> ■ » * '

<|OBsaiihd0d bjr the b^st g«in9i*eXa. RowdltieQS and dmilEeii»

hess 8h«al(S b« peimitt^jd* .$ht SeirtttSiha ahouid b€i ^

$£«t^Xla<l tt> adffiiii '^¥foea$ AMT spiehdid rndfi^ hot tN

%«ak degeherttds (dgaieeratiQ aoldie^d) ol* btrbarilihd

(^tsiaA 0dldiay^4) lr«r we«<« led to expect The G«t«^ *

fanhi adair^ -^i^daHtiilead, pr^elsiortt, efficiency*

'3, ^b)- Second $tep »~ The potential yortfe
of the paMTeht should be fully """^
aohmowiedfiSed . '■ •

(1) • IjadiYldual parahold <* fhs In*

• •\ . ■

dteXliftg, btsJftjlng hunger 'Of the |)ai«hol4 is fbr rBCOgni*.

> ■ ■ "

.tiOh|. politic 6n<l glox^y •* pi>al8e frott those irhom hd
]|^iaap$ct8ii ' fhls Imnger ShouXd bs appeased as soon
Ss p08Slb|4»f 80 that the .parandid thinks to himself:
'^Th^ greaiS Sfrpl'eclates me. tQgethes* we can face
the world It.ia as if ' ha thought: ^Ue IS. God the
Path#'J* end I aa his choseet son.**

. - 49 -

(li). Gtennany *'^ Oermany'a country-
si^d, Itflt muMOji l3[t8tciFi.a euXttire axva mdnumenta of
t»tfuty ^heiaXd bd iippt«Qelatei and j)a?ai99<l> Tbo ai^my
of oeeuii^i^tioQ' should mi&ifost^ Intow iK^toirea^ it^ tha
Q»Xtu^s t>f Old QdtiBpttr aM ^ott£!iXote indiff oretiod
all rdcdnti deveXopmonta;* The tx^6op$ shouid h^ instjrUQted
and-QOaGhdd hy lec't^dtt'aAd :gtid!de«hbdks covd^in^ thd
dls<Jridt.Jthey idll 60Ciii»y* Tho'y ahetild hd told that
thd war la not trois. \uitlX tho hoart at thd Qermasi

' iteoplis bail bddd won. ^

do^pjema* of the oM adhool ahc»uXd ba hired to
t^ach th^ Qerman Xanguaga,' to guido the sioXdldrs ■
on toura of th0 dom^try and of nm^QumSf.to t^aoh
native '.artd and skills « OonQorts should bo ai>rang8d4
omittiog places that have boen speciaXXy favored by
tha 'Nasis « IdltiodS . of bj^oks bujrned hy the ITazis
jshe»uld b$ published snd put otji aala tmtriediateXsff - <
'< All th4^ Hftix sew a double purpose* 1% i»ilX
pj?ovide edu^atioa fojp 6tJ.r troops and cooupy their
%im\ thiis h«ipi&g to tnaiiitdih ffic^i^aXd* Also th@
submerged uaferlority feelings and re^^ntitiGnts of

. the C^riAahft^ wiXl b(» alleviated*

^ - 50 -

mF^opucm AT m^; mnoMAL A^cmvsjs ■■

* «

5. (0) Third atop ., ~ Insight ahould be tactfully
- . pyoYiaea, a little at a tlmo.

Ijr^iStsttljF^ 'a,to|» bjr sisdp, tM peitid£jti la «]!iU^t^Q0d
>s to hia oim pai2«i»did Ufa^h^ialaiiki * 1$eing
imotitloisQil^la and alwajfa In th» i*lgUt^ omal^ ^Qxn-
ally i>e]^la«ed 1^^ P^!l4« in ^ofiiiiai .abl4 to Haa abova
Hia o*«iii naohaiiiam and esJ^ttioiea faiittn^lf 1 pri(^a lA
baling atroHii endi^Stl to at^t aoibe w^iUlEQasaea and erroa*
a$l ahti«^ld id ]|if4a t() ^da tatand that ha.haa l^an
victioii ised by uftQ^aaglp-ga jToroeai whlafe gaihad oontrol
ovei» hia pJfope* aelf • t^riiig the ooiUi'se of these
talka the phj^aieian ah^tild frdely oonfaas hia otm
weetoieases end eripofs, tha patient bein<$ treated
as an equal. - .

^ (li) 6ojnnany< * fhe last tea yeara

©■f darmaft hlatbrjr ahdHld' be interpratad as a violent
iftyootii^ua fa-yqr<, a ppajajaioft^ of the spirits whioh
took -hoX^ Qit tlia paopXa. aa sooh aa %h&t oaif* to
tlM faiia pi*o^liatr# of Faaeiani*

V ' A aeriea of artlolaa, adltoriala, ^aaojrs and short
bcjlska ahcmid ba ji»yittoti. npif by Goriiiana la thia odtiatry
(tH^a Wkm, Itailiihold Hiabuh^^ f^mit^iff aM ot£i£ira}|
f idod poaslbly by stiggeatiofia ttcm psyebiatrists,
ta ba publlahdd damn nawapapara and 4iatribuiN4

- 51 -

^p^ODuceD AT me mmN'AL ApCmVES* .

i * ■ '

,#6014'©f1ts«t tb9 ecetipfeti^n* t&ey stead. tJ^ t&e fa peutie
'' e^aasTft o«i«<sntiaXX3fl <»'p«i?h&il^$i «l$tidd 1^ «i ^pm de plume

QfiJBii of the Jill a^vl^m^tf Gt)j^(jtl*(Foi^
ift )xi«t^ilt>te«iX ««<|i3t^«»f < ^Sfbftft p$o|»Xa «l^oiild

Tbtt AlXlaa isimid t>« fi]ag»<>|iitB@U«E diSdUgb td' adtalt

th0l^ eim aj*rQjn» and ttiftddodsi * *

• 5« (a) Pourth Step »*» The pet 16^1- ahould M
inaoclatod Ih'e group .

(1) tndj^vldual pax^a^pld <<» ^viae

attai^d a neaat^re at a&tlef aotlon by naming th«

r^apo^t $ad i*i»ifihd8hlp tila phystclcn afid thoii hoviftg

gelDod $0109 add 60Qt»?eI| t)m . p(«Udnt la r^ady

glrou|f thd]^^p^«. £iat«[^4 bo 6aa bd p^it^uadod

\^%ssk outaldd gi^tmpd* dtj^aduailjf h0 u^at iQarQ; t@ talca .

bid pla^d and <rdepof>«^ta an oqtjdX baai^ with othcra«

gi^otgpi bfii j^lbft (Should bd-«?<3 a goaX«

52"-

(il) Qermany .— If Germany is to
1)6. converted jr' it is of the utmost importance that
some strong end efficient super-government he estah^.' ~
lished as soon cs possible, providing a new world
conscience , that her people can respect* As said above
Germans must- have somethihg to look up to - a God,
d Fuehrer, an Absolute, a national ideal. It can
not be a rival nation, or a -temporary alliance of
nations* * It must be a body - a strong body with
a police. force - which stands above any single state,
A supranational symbol would, eventually attract the
deference that is now focussed upon Hitler. Lacking
such 8 symbol, many Germans will certeinly fall into
a state of profound disillusionment and despair.
At the proper time Geltnany should be insociated as
an equal in whatever league or federation of nations
has. been, established.

• From here on , the therapy of a single paranoid
personality fails as an analogy, principally because
the German people will not be in the position of a
patient who comes willingly to the physician's office*
The Nazis will be in no mood to be educated by their,
enemies. Furthermore it would be very presumptuous
of us to try it. The most that the Allies could do

- 53 -

• ' -

/iffiiuld tiO oXoge oil schoola and malveraltlea. until
t}4l« dOti'o^doiat teachers and feculties bed been
»ddjm^ti#<l« fhfl. fyeateat problem idll be In dealing
wit& ^ irhQil0 ^jgMirAtlon of brvitollzed .end hardened .
youSg N#»i8t* ( P^rhfi pa exhibition geine a of aoccer^
4lfO<»tbaXl, l$tl^oaae rnd baaeball betireen Americon .
an^. English ragixaenta would aerve to Introduce ideaa
of fail* play sport anianahip; but lauch elao must
Ijia doni .* I>y (jtannen educators . )

. fOJP .thtf' conversion of Oermany the. moat effective

ftgenoj" yAXX b# $6me form world federation . With*

4 ■ . ■ ■ ■ ■ .

'-m%:- ttSda the Allied victory nill hat^e no permanently

^£;p^oduC£;d at ms;^ mnoiML Mcmv^is

Hl tXey, the tia4 -* tm\ a . Case hi a t dry

W« fi« D«

; ^£;pwduc£;d at mM mnoivAL A^cmvES

- 54- - ■• . ^..^

• - - . ■* .

• * * ■ '" hf ■ " ■ ' " ■

W» s» li. if«jpii©ii

. ^lUppoQti of tbis P«p«ii^ ia to bring togathei;
in \i»l9t iKiiftt»M« ftntiim aiont Adolf MtXer atf
« m^* f^f lf aiti^d at;i<a^e^sta could peer "Inside
Mtl^t^ kit^ adap^ iibeil> «ttNal^igy to what thfsy f ind
thefts it ii lilifijr tisit tigie niitnlng of tl^a war would"
tja apedded* tt anidt fe« ato-feted, to begin with, that
tha intriU^jlLOiai i»fA«d aowiliiii. i ^eraotiaXity would
He kiftttvdM mmx^ tik ymMlt9%-nere the aubject preaent
and oooperatiDg i& thd tiak* But there are two furthsr
dlffii^ulti^a t0 ti« fa6a4< ^ ^a must attempt both to
aale^t out of tha gr«at; fliaaa at inaterlal which haa
tieen lirritteii abesut Hitlai* that- which appears to be
objaotiVe. reporting an^ then further to reconstruct
hia peraonality tth tha basis 6f this irarj Inadequate
psychological data* We have, of course, as primary
aotirca material, Bitler<a own writings and speeches
and these tell ua a good deal*. Thou£^ wa must admits
therefore, at its bagitmlng that the natxire of otir
analysis is very tentative and that in many instances

r ' .55 •

iriiiefi AM dxttMi^ it is AO moi^ t«ntetltr« tIseiA thd
psydhoXoglefkl ptta plo^^oa «hieli tbs'tafeis thetiisoivetf
hftVa foidfid ««i Refill (a)r

m ansr ca0e studj^ odo omst begin by osldng who
the subjeot X%t ii^fiO0 h« eoitt«| who wore his forboar8 4
Hdiden ($) pd(«890ti) t!^ ibOst feliable gonoalogy avnilr
abX<i« Itare wq aote onXy oortoin important points.

' SltXar'tf fa^b^r^^ AXoM« wad born the Illegitimate
soh llicria Atltiia' $ohidlrlginiber in 1857. in .the village
of Spital, %!k was suppoded to be the son of Jobann
peorg Biedler* HoiveVe)*^ to his fortieth yepr,^ AXoi9
boj^e th« nemd of his mother Sahipklgruber. Only
then« when Oeorg Hiedle)^ mis (if still alivo}^
oi^ty-filrd yee^rtf of .agSi^ and thirty- five yeara after
the death of : his mother « did he trke the name Hitlei^^
the maidon name of his ttother-in-law*- As Heiden says,
"In the life history of Adolf Eitler no mention is
ever modo of. the grandpa re^nts. on his. father's 8ide«

1 January 5, 1877

^ There seems to bo no record of hio doath.

4 •

kMit ^^tAt^Hmt irat not ^«t^nn Ooorg HledU^^

si& w^Mim mu^. (ii Th« enotatorto on both
sid08 (?f ^hfi ^ewiiy wire |>««flf of the dUtrlet

0f W|ildvloi?tdl| highly i!Lllt«?«te aad irery lnhj*ed

Aloil Hi'^JieJ?! at fiPfts «l eobhlej?, hod by the og«
«>f fartjr «i«h3,«V«4 tha pdHtlon ftf'«D Austrian ouftomi
9rfi9iftl» i?<lMf adue^tiot ;for thli poaltlon wes the
©ohtip|.bmt4pU hie ftffSt mfQi Ahna Glnali who, fifteen
Ifodrs hi« jiO^Eiioi?! di^ iA 188$ « Us second wife, ,
• whom he narried six nr^elca lot^Jfi died in a yenr^ and
tlweo w<>nth« icter, on ^<»nua»jr 1»B88 (5)^ he marH^d
latifa l^o^iftlff « difttafiit «o|isin«

Ih fi|»p9««m&ce Heiden haa\oosipax>ed Aloia to
^Indenbui'g. (i), Stmther (5) descrlbea his picture
aa ahowlng a big.« rotind, hairless skull; small,
8harp« wlckod eyeaj big bicycle- handle mouatachio's ;
and heavy chin. He was a he rah, stern, ambitious,
and punctilious man (5; 8}«

Alois' wife, Klara, is described (5) as being
a tall, nervous young woman, not as strong as most
peasant stock, who ran off to Vienna as a girl to

. 57 -

return Aft*9 tin f%%t^ (« dii»itt(g ««es|^d« for one
in her ac^al tttttii)* t»t do«tfir (1) describee her
in *her derlf ffrrtietf «e t«il^ ivltii ibrcnmish hair
aeatly plAit«d» « lAflg irNiX f&e« and lieatitlfully
•xi^estiYt 0r«3r blvia 4»7ei* . k iiHifl^i modest, kindly
ifoittBn*.

Addlt HHit^i ik 180*|( t& far as can be

aseeirtalttsdf vat AXoii < ^iftth tsbiid, the third of
hla own iBOther but the f Iret t« live more than two
. years fhifl 1^ iMnxld aeefli ifta a large factor in
channelling thi gS%at affa«tl(ttl f or Adolf which all
the evldenoa seems t6 aho« aha bdre him. In return^
Adolf, who faared'and opposed hla father ^* as he
himself admit« gave all .hla affeatlcn to his
mother, and* wluia she died of caneeii tA 1908 he was
prostrated trithr grief (8; 6} 1).

Adolf aa a boy and youth was somewhat tell, >
sallow and old for his age, with large melancholy
thoughtful eyes*. He was neither robust nor sickly,
and with but the. usual, infrequent ailments .of a. . .

He iden points out that the uncertain details of
Hitler*s family have had to be collested from stray
publications, that Hitler is reticent to the point of
arousing suspicion, about his life story (S>«

* Alois » children we^ Alois, 1882 (son by first wife);
Angela, 1883 (daughter by second wife) r CFustav, 1885-
1887; a daughter, 1886^188^; Adolf, 1889; Edmund,
. 1894-1900; Paula, 1895 or 1896 (children by third wife).

mFMODacsjD AT rmmnomi A^cmvsjs

paid i^ri tliii'Qii^* ^ bj»4i l«Of tyouble is i

eem^m si«teal ^lief <(9) 1^1} his. dilator seya

* ■ •

i^sikt U tkfi. )BdU)i«eipa« 0Wl8aM>iUI Itt the pemibli^ eod .
|tj|iacliiig fQ&l)iu»r0 ClQ(Hp^«t and Karl May*^ A q\iiet>
i|all^iiiaDaex*«d.3r0«ith vrho *iKlth himself*®

About yi%yt\lkwXf 9d,titc4itiO0 m kfioit little
except ivhat he himielf tella ug that he early
vented to he ani airtiat). thit this, eittraged his fathePi;
«rh0 stetoly dvtenniiied t<^ aake 6 g^od civil aemnt
fit him; the^t the¥^ vai a paarpetual atiniggla between
th^ twQ« irlth his Bwther ildiag with Adolf and finally
' eerifdii^ him, of f tdi Vieg^ui to cc^plete his art education
vhen his fatheiE^ died*. £^tept for history and geography '
mrhich caught hi» itt»giili:ttiO>n he neglected his studies,
tC^ find in Vienna, nrheo he« felled his art exominationn
that his lock of forme 1 oduoatlon was a barrier to
entering the architectural school*

. At the age of nineteen, when his mother died,
he went to. Vienna to spend there throe lonely and
miserable years, living in. "flop-houaes" (7), eking
out a living by begging, ahoveling snow, peddling

^ A Gorman author of Indian atorios.

® This in contrast to Hitler's own account of himaolf
as a bit of a young tough (9)«

hin 6)iti-96iiiltitfi« and antii'dlairijie^' jbli anil-*

. mr *!ii»t«i^6«ldtf ajptlatj ]^i6tru»>« j»osteard paintei^^

tdoittiidaX d^aftaoaa and d^daaional Ii0u$e-p&inter
litXer Biaxiagdd t0 «an» soma aoii't; tt a living** (8, 25) •
t% 1^14 h0 aliiiated in the amny with ^eat enthusiaatt«
peWonnad hia dutiaa trith dlajblnetlon and brayeryi*^ «aa
wo'andedjr aant hc»&a to ]^dcovet*| and In Haroh, 1917, '
KMiia back at the tiront* Ha aX6of from camfades^
jiaaXoud in faia duty« and very lonely. Through aXX
tha^ «ai« ha raoaivad no Xattet* ox* parcjsX (8).

Tha «ay over and iiith no honia to go to, HitXai*
in X9X9 «»a Appoliitad an aapionaga agent of the
inaxirgent Italohi^iireh]* whieh had juat put'doim the
SoTlet ReptdoXib in ytinioh* Shox^Xy thai^eaftat* her
eama in oontoot with Anton BrezXex* and what wsa to
beboma Xeter tha Hazi party had Ita beginning*
Further than thia it ia not neceaaary to foXXow
HitXer*a poXiticaX hiatory* It la too weXX known
and the basic structure of his personality was already

7 Miiitcry awards were: Regimental Diploma for
Conapicuoua Bravery, Military Cross for Distinguished
Service , Third Cloas, The Black Wounded Badge, and
The Iron Croaa, First Class. (8).-

/ • 60 • .

formed* Lcter years he ve only brought to fmltlon
latent tendenoied and laid the final product open
for the world to wonder at. We must' now turn to a
closer examination of this structure*

HITLER'S PERSONAL APFEARAHCE AND MANNER
Portraits or moving pictures of Hitler are coitmon
enough, yet it is well to draw attention to various
aspects of his physique. To most non->Nazis Hitler
tuEis no particular attraction. He resembles a second-
rate waiter. He is a smallish man^ slightly under
average height. His forehead is slightly receding .
and his nose somewhat incongraDoa with the rest of
his face. The latter Is somowhat soft, his lips
thin,, and the whole face expressionless* The eyes
ar^ a neutral grey which tend to take on the color .
of their moiiientary surroundings*^ The loolc tends to
be staring or dead and lacking in sparkle. There is
an essQhtially f endiiine qiwiity about his person
whiell io portrayed particularly in his stri|clngiy
well-shlipe4 and expressive hands (2; 8; 13; etalV)*
Hitler's manner is essentially awkward. and all

)d$S^ fiion^^ents Jel?ky excep't perh£^ps the gestui^es of

■ • .... ...

°Thi8 fact has caused an amazing number of different*
deaariptiona of hiet actual eye color.

- 61 «

Ills hands* He oppeat»0 shjr and W\ at easa* in eompany
and seems aoldom capable of carrying on conversation.
TTs-itftlly he ' dedlalDS while his associates listen. He
often feems listless .and moody* This Is in marked
contrast to the dramatie energy of his speeches and
his skillful play upon the emotions of his Vast
audlenaes^ isvery changing mood of which he appears
to perceive end to ttirn to his own piirpo8es< At
times he Is eoncllldtory^ . at other times. 1m amy burst
into violent iteiiq>er tantrums if his whims are c'heclced
in any way "(16),

ATTITUDES, TRAITS, AND NEEIM CHARACTERISTIC OP HITLER

' Attitudes toward Ha ture. Pate. Rellgtori^ •* Plrst
and last words are often significant. Meili Kaiiipf
begins with a sentiment of grctitude to Fate, and
almost its lest paragrr.ph appeals for vindication
t6 the Goddess of History. However, all through
the book there ere references to Etcrnel Hat\ire,
Providence, and Destiny. "Therefore, t believe today
I am acting in the senise of the Almighty creator:
by warding off the. Jews I am fighting for the lipfd^d
work** (9, 84). This feeling of being directed by-
greet forces outside one, of doing the Lord's work^
is the essence of the feeling of the reMgieue ntystio

No mottet* how pagan Hitler's othloel and aqolaX Iddiaa
maji' be, they h^ye ei quellty compDrable to teli^Qtui
experience. Moreover, All through his «ot* And woinii^
both spok;en and written, la this extreme exaggef«.tlOA
Qi* his oim 8eli:''^lniportanoe he tihily f^ols his
divine mission (1^)> even to the point of foj*osselcig
a laartyr'a death (IS)* "

As far aa authorli^ed religion Is oonosraed.
Hitler reoognlzed both Its st);ength an.d weakhesses
(9; IS) and adopted free^^y wheteyer ha fotwd servloe*'
ab!).e for his own ends, 7!hat he strikes dOim Prcjitastant
and OothollQ allks Is due merely to the^onvftltipn
that these religions ore but old husks and lauat glye
wfiy' to tha new (9),

Q^ovard odnselenoe his. attitude la a dunl 60,4,
Ohe the on6. hand he repudiates it ea an' ethical
gaidOj, heaping contempt m It as a JTeivish IhyentionA
a blsiDiah llks ' olreumelslon (16) * He scorns aa
fopls thoss who obey It (16). But In matter! of
aotiofi; ha waits upoh' hla lnn.oi*nrolce> '^Tjhlaii | havf
the Iftiidi' IttOoriTUptibls «oovlotlofi.i thlt li t^ j^^^^
tlQ|i» i do nothing. will uot act, 1 wlli wait'
EiQi natter; what happens* But It^ the y 0190 99s ats^V '
th^a X fcfton ths tlao has $ob*& to dot" Cl^^ X^Xim •
Wm 3ooi^atas ha lls^its to his t^iinoh*

. - 6$ -

Hitler's Attlt?\i49 toiriird IPowey ood gjg Ifgid fog
Aggression * To the German people and the world at
large j| Bltler appears as a man of tremendous strength
of ^ivllly detemilnatlon, and. ppwer« Yet those who are
or hove hepn elose to hia (o^g^^ 16) icnov that'h<» is
oonsolous of being powerful end Impresses others as
such only at certain times* When ha is dfoljalmlng
to o greet throng or when he la -on one of his -
solit^rjf walks through the mountains, than Hitlei' is
Qonsoious of his destiny as one of the ^eat and power-
ful i>t thp- ages. Bat Ih. between these periods he *

feels humillete.d and woak« At 'suoh times he is

irritated and tmable to do or deoide anything^ Xt

is these feelings of his own weakness that no doubt

hove determined to a great extent hisi ideas on the

eduoatloil of youth* • All weakness must be knocked

out of., the new Gprnan youth, they must be Indifferent

to ,pain, have nO fear of deoth, mast le^am the art of

self-oommandi foy* only in this way caci they become

creative Qodmen (1^)« Hitler's feolinge of weakness

and power - probably also determine his attitude^ towards

peoples and natlbfis. Per those who are wq\)s.- for'.

some irefison do; fiot display j^ower^ he hoe only cont«iHpt»

® "^My great political' o|jportiinity Xi^d in my dellbf.^te
tise of power tt a time whett there ere stiill illusipn^
abrood as t.o the forces that^ mciild history" (16# 271)*

- 64 -

For thpsd nho cird B.tl'dng he iifi« /"eellhgd of t'$flpoet,
fear, sul3mlsalv«ji«jw i*;^? 15)« Ror the Ofiteln oiT
the great weii! ^erio^ he hisd ^re&t ree{>ect (9)^ bttt
only eontempt fox* the powen^leea Indian ipevoitatloneriea
who tried to oppoee 3t^tldh lioperlal powei^
For the xnaseea ove» -ivfaom he boj0 simjr .he feela-'tiiiiiy
oonteiojpt. Be eooipares- thea te wooet) iNhoi: prefers
to submit to the will of a-omeone ^^troogor (9)* He
habangaea the crowd at night who& they are ti^Nd and
leas' resistant to the will i»t another (9).. ^ uses
every psyohologlcel txlcK: to fereok the„ «iil of an
audienep* Sa ;»akoe liee 4E>f aU. the eohditions which
malco in Vt^ -QenaDn people foir a looging for aiabttiaaion,
their ct»;1.etie«^ their f4)elincSB of. ^^X^ (9). /

'imderatoiad^ his ^^d^Jeota t>eopiitie they- tire d0 like
hlt^self (4)/

. Qiosely related to hla <ittitudo towrrd power^-
and one of the httsio eleiaentiB of .Rltler*0 perdonclity
struoture, 1^9 a deep^lying need tvt aggredtfi(m>
deatructi-oa;^ Vbrutftltfcy, It was with hist in phrnta^ .
at loa'Bt in /Childhood" (95 # .And thare i4 .e.videAQ4 . . .

»■ . ■ ; '. . . '

. It la inte resting to note tlwit ♦ihe wnr agoinst.
Brlt&ia appe<i}fa only to, have .i^i-tacen out heoauae
•Sutler waa ^onVinood that she would ndt end eduld
tk^% ^^j^l^t tho ^^^ngt)| of the (Mrnan arded f orde8«

of it tpoB his dayn in Vienna (7) • We knb#: too C9>
that the outbreak, of the fiirat groat war was a tremendous'^
ly tiu'iXXing experience for Slnoe the imr we

have seen his adoption of so-paXled ''oomnunist'*
methods of dealing with heoklerd (9), the vurdesr of
his oXose frieiuSs, his brutcXitj toward' i;he Jews^
his deatruotion of isiie smaXl hntlon after anottier,
and his more reeent- nojor t^r a^lnst the rest of
the worXd. . But this eXement of hi9 personality is
so patent that it hsMXy needji dddumenting* -
flttley*< attitude teward- the Jews and t owe* 3rd
1^6e» '^ An'^i-Sesiitism is not an uncommon thing and
Europe hajf a long history of it but» as has beien pointed
out, •*ln the caae. of Hltlier, the Jew h»s been elevfite,d,
so to spedk^ to a degree of eviXnesa which he hadr
never before obtained* j[XO, 6)<; That this histred is
of a more than usuaX pathoXogicaX nature is suggested
by thA morbid cohiieotion ]ffhieh BitXer siokes between
th» Jew and. disease^ bX0od'< disease , syphiXis (^},
and fiXthy exereseences of. aXX sorts. The Jew
in foot ia.npt even o beast » h$ is a creature out$ldo
nature* (X^)^i, He is at the rbot of all things eirii '
not onXy in Qerioafiy but eXsewhore and onXy through
hi» d««t9hM>tion may th9 world be saired. It it at
thiji pointy too^ thet SitXer*^ feelinga about raoe

find exprdsalofii. For him thdl*«k is (m inflei^^mptioi^l
ddnnoction between aexj, ayphilia, blood In^uHtT'^
Jetvis^eaa end tfad degendrctioiii of piu*e, iMdltky;
and vifile ]^8Ci6l atr&ina. Like the need fc^r
dggresaiDn, his feax* of the tr.inting of blood ia (I
iDojoti el^itie&it ih Hitle)^*a ^eraionolity atructufe*

Hltl6i' ' 3 Attitude ' toward fteas ^" oiiftt Bltleir^s
Qttitud<^ toward a^x ia pothelogi^al ia already clear
fjl»om irhrt has l^een aaid abovd* The beat aoureetf
we have idlo hot, however, tell ua explicitly idiat It
i£l that is wrtihg with Hitler* a aex life» From the
f&ct -l^t his' dose asaociate,. R^hm, aarwell aa nmny
of the otrj^ly Kazla ivere b^oaexuala it ha a been a
matter of gossip th£it Hitler too ia affeeted in this
way* All reliable a oixrcd a > however, deny thfit thex^ft
is any ftviddnoe whatever for auch ah idea (8)« In
fact. Hitler appears t6 beve no cloae men f jfienda,
no intimiatas' at all* li^fam iNcia the- oti^ whom he
addressed with .th9' in tii^te ''dik** (5) and it is
reported thr.t no oho has atioce^ded ainee the latter 'a
doatk to such a position of intiiucoy* - .

til' regat*d to* Wcmieh, the roporta rfe coiiflletlng.
Most oit the re cent boolcft- by newspaj^er >mvi (e«g«j, 5)
stVosa Hltlfr^t'ss^otldismi his dialnterdst in iromen.

— 67 ^

Hotrovery fieiden (B) doetundnts hia Ipva affairs, and

Behi^scli 17^^ StjftissiBr (l8),. t;nd Rauschnilig (16) ticvs

eonaideroble to sey aboutt hia attitude toward the

oppoai^e aej|f« Aa far ioa can be oaeertrlned, I't iai

oompiLetely lacklnc^. 1ki= reapeet^ even estiteaiptuetjus (7^;

• • ' : . ... ■ . ,

it la dppbs^ttmlatlb (t~8j 16) and In tHis aetimi aexianl

relationship there ia aomething of a peirverae natt^*e

along witte Q peculiar enalavenent to the. pitrtner of

bLa oholee (8) ' It la; oertain- thht many wio»en find

Hitley faaetniEiting (16;: 7) and that he likeai' their

aoiBponya but it la alao true ^hpt he hra neVor aarrlod,.

an?d every love affair the bj^eak tma mode, not by

Ritler> but by the Icdy eonaerned (9)*. In one 6asa«

that df hia hleolfty (Jell,, there wa a real tragedy in^

vollred for either he ina)?dere4> £ier In a fit of paaaioni*

aroeording to Strbaiter ''a evidence (IS),< or he ac abuiied

and upaet hef*- thrt she coaimitted auicide (S)* Finally,

.oner moat ^htldtf again, hia frenzied otttbtirat a^ainat

a'yphiXlc in Keie Kanipf (9)' aa if the whole dermaii'

nation -were a vaat putrlfylng hotbed of thift iovith*'

aom^ d^jSeeee* Beldoh*^ a*t&t<|g6nti (3) th<it' *^he}ie

la et^thi^g wrong" wit!i fiitl0r*« aox Hfc ia surely

<m- eloqttenil underatcteaontf '

• * ' ^SPWDUCSD AT me mrwN'AL McmvES

58 -

1109^ la Wdi^th noting al; thjta pointy aiTtar nffaat hap
jftiat bdfloi aaid abov«.^^ ^ejt^ ainca Hltlei»Va diaeoirairy
of hla f aollity aa a apaakei^i hla oim paopla and ttcm
fi^xyi i^y^ ^^^n delttatad With bia woMla*- Hia tiumt^af
of ap9(»0haa ia Xat^ge, vax^ying in length fron one an(}
a ha?-f to tvo houra^ thotiigh there are aevei*aX o^
thr<|i;i and eyen toM!^ iioura* duration. In pVivate,
morepvet*, Mtier aeldoio ponveijE^eea, fot* eaoh individual
«hPlil he addr^aaea ia.a new audience to be haran^e^t
J|Ch hia nipttenta of depreaaion he i^uat talk to pfOve
to hiinaelf hi^ oini atrength and in iBoaienta of
Qxa3>tation to dominate othera (l^)i»

Bitl<ir«8 Attitude toward Art ** thoujgh Hitler^ a
father intended hitt to.be a eivii aervant, he hinpelf
prayed to be an artiat and hia failure to be rec.og;ni«ed
aa aucb by the Vienna )|ohobi waa one of hia most
traumatie experiencea (9). Aa' PC^er hia interest
in .al't oontinues and he ahowa distinctly favorable
attittidea toward nuaiCf painting, and architecture «

Aa ia well known, Wagner ia Hitler 'a favorite •«
we migjht almost ^ay/only r,-" composer. At twelve
he waa ^l^iptivated by Lohengrin (9), at nineteen in
Vienna ha was championing the merits of Wagner as

* 99 *

. ftgnittitt ttftttrt (7); ta^ aft Puhi»6» hi ha^ s««ii Dt»'
liaigt»l*»ini^i* d^«i^ a htuid!e>«d tiiudd (id)* fiir imdira
all 6f lingAaii^ta aeoipaa (19) ftna in thait- raMitidn
IM g«ti attotleaal' i^alaaaa a&d ina^l]*atidD f«r hta
aatiidna* Hia aairttti* amqpfittx^ faalltiga abdne aaX|
]^66« imt4.tjri hift 'attitud^a foM «Kid dnok/

all fltid atiaralua i^albfet^aiaant ir tha plota'i
parsotiai. a&d thaniaa. 4>f hi'a- faird|*itia oompoaai^* it
It iiQtaraatltig« f&t» ascanq^Xai tbut) 8ltlex< haa ehoftefi
Miiifaii^tg, thf town n^eh wag^a)« j^efs&nii'iad in
Baha Stbhs; aa tha offiaial site of the meeting of
tha iitkftual iKisi Hyitf Cofig^ata (X9)v ^

1ir)ftg»«r|i.*fi infltu^Skda Cflrai*' Hltlaif axtaiidft beyond
the re^lia of aniaia ta that of lltek'att»re» Among
tha pSfarai*ta^ favorite t««adi&gi era Uragmai^U j^olitleal
«f*ttiRgii« aad aoftaaiovwly -t*^ tai«Qfiftei<Miialf ha has
ooplad wagnar*a ttifgid and botetaatl^ aiantie^p «d.tH a
reattltiiig atyla ittaleh aeeot^lug ta- fiaidaiS of taci
traniifbjnia liviftg aasitenea into/ a eohfiiaed hoap
of b<«y< indigestible worda" (8, 308).

< tha fiald of iminting therie are t»o matters
to oOBaidar <h* Hitler* a oun work and hia attitude
toward the work of others* As regards the fomer,
we have evidence that during hia Vienna days Hitler
ahowad little ability except for copying the painting

11.

^]i3m «icu3t8ls P90pl«< tlift 4oii}0w)3ai» iiA«]m«|«d 4«9isiii

ei4lm][*«4 alX aoa^ta aouil «it)» pprtrfti^ft of
Xl:^^ral« aQ<l Q3(pllci^ nudea (111$ h% blf comiiaod

trt heft beQji .put*^d of lt« iBQ4^i^l4Ut« ai)4

< it 1« iii AjpohlfeacteiM tshafe Hltlei^'a flftlatlo
intd{>«d^ fl£t(l« ltd ii^eatfdti 04iftUt« ^ .a|r«t.hd(i ft.

ii)c$^)^t«nt$ aei?mdii!i MXdiiati aod tttaute^ett m«t approir^di
1»jr Miia* lteaal5r«««as, expaiiaii.v'iineaa^ end claaalo

'dasi^a |t|»t tih« <KKalltiea «rhl«h HltXair atr^asea and
ftppfrOvea tiK tiht bulldlnga of the neur (Hnn«ny. Hla
4ev«mty«|'iii&iiidtodt«bjaoad motor roads i th« <^onf erenca .
frovseidJ «t ]ilui^«Mborg| «nd l^ls retreat at Berehteagad«ii
ftl^ ftlX ejHaipX^idi of tUMDla empbaaa9« .

- 72. - ■

q|\iaXlti98 Are i)6]^ula;>ly IcnoiR) en(t a^tiititiated
by nftBjr ivpitara (6; 13) « ISlXltW h4siaelf« nocordlng
td ftftutolmiog aoercMlitt hi« tregeteriaiiijKliii ati<l

hla abatineided fx^oin tobaooo aod al<sohol to Wagner's

InfXue&ed* 1Sa a«6tib<$« muoh of %\» ^etAf ot oiviUza^

• , . . /• " ■ ' ♦

tXtm to aMogilnaX poiaoi^^Og thj^qvigh excesaeii. This
a$oetl«« of Hitlor.($ ift all th^ Qioyo^tH-klog. among
a pttOpltf «^hP| oQ tha wbpXa, heavy;, eat^i'^ foiid
of drlBking. It la n^rthf of aote, ho'iifev^f * tiwit at
tioaa Hitler 14 no^ avaraa; to o^rtaln tyjea. of otas:^
InduXgeooe « Ha 1«| tot eiEaiBpX^f e«0«0il.v«Xjr food
of airfteta,: ava a tai^ats^ and paatry (7| 1^), aetd will
oonatMe . then lot large quaotltlea •.

ttt ti#r ' i( foQ\x\i^r^ Ablll tlea ^ Hitler, the lauedn*
oatad» la'neviirthalaaa A nan of ttDuauftl ability^
partlotilarly In oertaln araaa where formal edxioatloli
la of little. value and even In areaa where It la
atippoaed to be important. More than once we find
thoae who knoiP'hlu (e.g.^ Rauachnlng (16) stfeaalng
hla extraordinary ability to take a con^licated problem
and reduce it to very almple terma. It ia hardly
neceaaary to dooument Hitler* a ability to underatand
and aaka uaa of the weakneaaea of hla opponenta, hla

■ ■ mF^opucBp AT rm mnomi A^cmvs^s

ibiiity to divide t^hem and stHl^d thonl 0q« 1»r
hi9 d^ase of timing 00 69 to atrlko^ at t^ most
o|^orti«00 indent* Xt li 0«rtaln^ ia^nwi^ari tti$t
tb»$e aHlltiea Bltler'a 1iav9 4«fii3ii|.t# U»lt«tlo»9f

l396Din« iiiore and l^$lat«d t^m.
titOiit^et ftith what I'd aotiaAliLy oooyxt«*iAf and t)xii#
■ bi^a insuC^lclenti or |.o(^oi*r«et datA <iii «^lah jlMi«f
l^:isi[ (ileQi8io«),9 • Ifor^LQVari bit oun fr«Ai. tKil'e»in«ii
Id^: fto atis|*actoT:r gulda to lundai^fitaAdlns of

aiat^ottlir* ti^t^'^ti!tkXt MjP>m4«r«too4 ^otiik' Britiah
a£i<^ Am9rioiin polnta D.f vla-w ivitb unlii^ppTv BpsuXti to
hla own pi^ogkiam oi^ expaoaioa*

Qveyt gyldehda of ttaladjuatiiierit **' Caz'taln faeta
a:ytn|)tojnatlQ of maladjvuitinent ;have all^ady bean men*
tibnedj^ auoJbi aa hlal peculiar relationship to womefif
Here . th«s«e have to b# added othera of a leaa apeolfie
natura. Hitler aiaffera from aevere Ine omnia and when
he doea aleep haa violent nightmarea (16)* At timea '
lita auffera from halluoijoationa, often hearing voicaa
on hla< long aolitary walka (16). • He haa an exceaaive
fear of poiaoning and takea extreme precautiona to
guard ligainat it b(j(th in hla food and in hia bedroom
(16) • Here the b9d muat ba made only in one apeoifio

miy lXS)t H« <&aDnQt vOPl£ ateadlly, bu1$ with eJCpXoislve
outburst* ot «0tivltjr or not at all 8)« Shran
t)M mllflst 4aQlal6ii datfiaAds gi!»eat a^f ort 4iid ha
haa to vorK hiaaall' ujS to it* Whan thwtfted^ he wlXX
braaK oat into act i!^sta.]?$,oaX taQtrt88^ aooldihg iM
iiigl^liltehad tooasir fdaaiiag at tha mouthy mA atamplng
#tt^h tsnoonti^toXlad fu]?; il^h On several occaalotiay
whan, an importaot apeeeh ivaa dua, bd baa. stood ailant
l>af ora .hia. audiano^ and that) waXkadvOUt on tbani (X$)«
t]6 tjtM caaa at laaat ooa .intomatlonaX bi*oadcast
■ba nMna atiddatiXjf and InajtpXleabl^ 6ut of^ tbi
Fii^aXXy. tb0«^ la HltXar'i tbraat t»o Qotamit «u4old«
If tba Hazl party la daatroyad or th^ pXana of tba

I'he Sburc6a of Hitler's Ap;sre as ive and Submiaaiva
Traita« •* l!ha aobleold teinparamant« ono such aa HltXar's,

which Qombinaa both a aanaitiva^ ahj, and indrawn natuH

. . ■ . ■ . > ■ ■ ■ •

with inhibitiona et faaling toward othara, and at tha
sama tima^ in way of. companaationi violent aggressive-
naaa^ caXXouan'aaa^ and brutaXity^ from one point of
▼iaw of conatitutionaX paychoXogy ia uatiaXXy aaaociatad
with a.particuXar type of phyaiqua. It is difficuXt
f rcxn tha aort of photograph avaiXabXa to cXasaif y

Hitler' d phyaiqu0 ^obux^tQly* ^ pi*ob6bXf falXa lii
iOr^tsohaier'd nthl^tid ligt^oup tboiigh Verging on th«
j^yknld (11). thia i»ouldi pXao« him in tha aehizophratiiQ
grdup of taiQpej<)Eiffidrit9*' In of Sb(»14on'a ayateat,;

ia probably olaa$ifiabl« att a 443 with a conai<lai«Lbl«
dagi*da of |syjlfti)di«oaibi'phy, that ia, an aaaantially
iiia9Quli£id boiijr but ona aho«in§ ifamlnina^ chare cteriatici
(17). • ' «
, Pt'obahly id0]*a iittpoi'tantx howavar^ i« tha aocial
nillau and tha faiQlly altiiation in whieh Hitlar graw up.
' in A dtjiioni^y patHariihal flfooiaty^/hla flitbas*^
pas?tleulii*i$; aggf^aait^e and 'probably binital toward
hla adn^ Adolf ; !Phia would produea an individual
both ^ery $ubiiiiaalva' ta authox^lty. and at tha aama tlma
boiling ovdi^ with raballiouandaa' to it* . Pur tha r, we
Icnow of^ th<i ^xtrame attacipent iM^hich Hitler had foJc
hia mothe]^« l^r/aa aeema moat likely,i he haa never
outgrown this, 12^ there might be a proteat in hia
nature againat thi-a enalevement, which in turn might
give riae to a deep unconacioua^ hatred, a poaaible
aource of Jfrightful Tinconacioua rage .^-^ Finally,

■^^ Note Hitler'a frequent and unuaual uae of tha word
Motherland for Qermany (9).

Hitler'a hatred of meat and love of aweeta ia
aaid to be often found in caaea harboring an unconacioua
hate of the mother (15).

I

t:b9 Qott9l9ttnt f$ilu|^ t^^ aehievfi hla aiitiatie
cun1»ltiQii0« his 1^9Ub^«$ and fjovdrtjr la vi^imi l^i
fnUtu^ to arflTo at hi^:^ atatu$ thaii that «f
oorf>ot»al In hi4 baidirad ano^ <6)« ail ntu^ft hava
tti»!iilaied in hla^at 46$tfaa whatavar t>rigiiiat tandanoy
thai^ twa toiMivd tiimtaiitf and dtatrttatlvaneaa*

Saaitittii .ivaa . pa^t'of tba aoetaX^ oiiliau ia whieh liitlai^
gre« up^ ila aditoitiii hiskaalf (9) thiai ha ayoldadl tha
only. Jawlah bof at aotiool and it la known that anti^
Samitlasi and; aaelptieitftt wara 8t£>ong in Oethollc
nu>a3< OQBBBUnltiaa in Biu?opa « Xn Viahna, of ooui^ad,
BltXap oaBM in edntaot with yioXaht antl^Saibltici
Xlta^patttra and it la at thlA paHod that ha cXaima
hia daap^vootad hati^ foy tha J^d'wa wa'a bom (9)«
Thi pathoXogioal atrongt^ of thii hdt«a4 auggaata
that tha«i«f nara <iaj^etn payOhoXogieaX aa we'xl aa
cuXtpj»aX s»aaaona fox* It*. Ilfhat thay were we can obly
aurmiae hi^t we.,Oaf| Xiat eartain posalbiXltlea* We
)kAtim that tha nai|ia BitXat ia a common Jewlah one
(8), that AdoXf waa teaaed about hia Jewlah appear-
ance in Viehna^-'-^ There la, top, the mystery pf . , .

It la intereatlng that Hitler* a deacription of the
firat Jew to arouae hla hatred la aXmoat word for
word the aana aa Hbhiach'a deacription of HitXer in
Vienna (7).

/ N

Aioia HltXes^'d tim^ paii'eQtagQ which hit fioe na^ hiva
known* We alfo know that many of the paopla i^o halpad
hiin^ gava him food, and hought hia paintip^ vera
JaWa*^^ To have to aecapt klndoaaaeo fi«Qm paopte ha
disliked would not add to his love of tham* &at
thara louat ba not^a to it than thi^ f^ HltXai**« atiti<#

Seiuitiaoi ia boTjnd up with hin morbid cdiiKSdfn with

- ■ - ' , ^

ayphilia and phobia over contamioation of' the blood
of the Gtoittah t&Qe* Thit, tharafoiJ?d> laada to a
diaouaaion of Hltler*a thdoviea.

i^duroea of, Hitler^a Thaoriea of Racf . and Blood .*
Th<a ooncept of tha auperiority of the Aryas raea ia,
of eoupae, not new with Hitl«p# ita graat exponent
waa Qouatoh dtewartf ChainbarXaih«' the wx»itiaga

W(i^ar >1»0 tha. aaaia 0<>{)«aptioa ia fxtltad^ ^%
th« ooaataiat repetition of the idea af blood, pure
biood# aM ua tainted toJLood.whioh ©ccura iw yein Kampf
aalla foi^ a< iiiai?(» thah p\irely qui turai explanation*
thlA auggeatad all tha ittora forcefully becauaa
of the asaociation which Hitler makea between inn
purities of blood which are due to diaeaaa (^yphilia)
and impurities In the blood of a auperior race due
to mixture with a racially inferior stock; f^IrthQr • .

•^^ Hia rejection of the Jew may also stem from the
rejection within himself of the paaaive gentle elementa
which are prominent in Hebraw-Chriatian thought.

' * V "

to th« fact tlttt h«.')^ointd to th$ Jews aai the 'acmx^ee
of botH* ,

How It 1$ known that sjrphllopho^ia often hair

. . • • ' ■ . « • • • •

it0 s^ota In thti ehildhooa (ll8co^«s*3r of .th# natui^e of
doxuai doogrotta botwoen tb^ pai^ents. With a f^thdf
who wa« an iXlegitiiiiat^ and posalhiy of j^wiah origl)!^^®
aiid a atlronig mother fixation « 3.ti6h 6 dldeotrot'^ by tho
ehiXd Adolf Wbf well hiiiro laid tho baaia of a oyphiXe*
phobia wfaieh som^ adventuro with ^ Jewiah pi*oatit\;^to
in Viattfi* f tuned to a fuli name, 1*5^ t«prifiad by
the foai^ tt his .oiM infection,, ail the hatred in his
being id then d^ic^eeted .towaird the ^eir8«

Sltie«»*i pet^eonalitf et«i^etu9e, though* falling
wf thiis the iioyatfl i^ngei laey now 1»« deaeHbed as of
tl»*l»aMoid tyipte^ i»ith deXuaion* of peirsecution and
df gi^andeuf « 9hi«i ateos from a aMo-maaochistic
spXit in hia peiPionality (4). XntegraX with these
aXtei?nating and oppoaed' eXements in his personaXity
ere his fee I* of infection, the .identification of the

The name HitXef ia Jewish as was pointed out*'

'-^'^ This is mere eonjectture and muat be treated as
such. But it is the sort Of e3cpXenati<>n which fits
known payohoXoglcaX facts. ' .

' «• tft * ■ '

x^iangeaient of the aexuAX fuoetlctfi wliieli sialcdi hii
r«Xdtlpt>A to ^I^. opp0altii «»JG at9i0cifi;«ilial in pft^««

Th« dii^aatA and tragedy of Xif« a^ til*

p??04e€^tlQn onto the world hi«. QiteJ iimejf eoaf).l<^ta
and his dttettpta td^toivft th^^ iSe^ apllt. itt HltUr*a •
pei<d email seems ^iXearl^" to ^s du^ to bis identifies*
tlott hQth wll^ Ms ttother^ nhom hs passloiw^sly IsVed^
and wit)), his fstbsf ii whom h^ hste4 snd |rest*«dt this
dttsl sjma «QntrsdlQtoir3f Identification (th» ^ne is
g;entXa» passive « feniininsi ths othsf: hfutftl« aggi^sssive,
nasdtiiins \ results - nrhdneye^ -fiitlet is pi^rlnft tslis
s^gressiirs f>$l4 ais<» in a dse|i hatred and oontesipt
for hii mother and invs- and. eviration for hia
faths^f 9his inner > ooof list , is ^^Je'cted into the
worid «hers oferotany ootaes to represent the-isotheri
and tlie H% and for a tistSr— ^ the Austrian state j
the fsthert ,JUst as the father is the cauae of his
' ttii;Ked hloodi the source of his dominatiqri and punisISM*
. tnentg^ and of the restrictions of his own artistic
development; Just aa in the childish interpretation
of sexual congress the father attacks^ strangloa,
and infects the mother,, so the Jew, international
Jewish capital, etc*, encircle and restrict Qermapy^

tltfetften and attack be.)* and Infect het> with impurities
of blood. Out of tbe betped of tbe fatb^f and love
of tbe motber^came the desil?e to aeve ber* 30 Hitler
becomea tbe savior of Geraiany^ wb6 cleanses Her of
infection, destroys ber eneidies, breaks tbeir encircle-
ment, removes every restriction upon ber sc tbat sbe
may expand Into new litrlhg space, ubcrainped and un-
tbrottlQfs* At tbe same time. Hitler is cleansing
himself, defending himself, casting off paternal donina
ti(>n and restrietiCQ.

wet ohly la the Fathd]« feared but bs is a source
of jealousy for be possessea, at lisast in part'> the
belovad mother* So he must be deatrcyed t«i permit
complete pdsseasiob. The deatrurctlob of the father
is acfaieved syinboliealiy by the destruction of the
Auatftiaa. state and domplate domination and poasesslon
of tha mother, through gathering all (jartnana in a
eomqi6n ^^ich*

But tbtf motbar ia not only laved but bated. For
aha ia waak, baaidas btf i«^ a6alaved tct -bier 4iff actions
and she reminds bia all toe mxth.^ in bit as
dominabt f athef, tt his <3im gatitla i^enal^ita natui*e •
Sc, though be depanda tha Oerman paoplafar hia
poait'lon of <l<^nlhance, be deapiaes and hataa theia^ '

}). • - 80 -

■ he domlna^ea. thQin and, bocausa he feara his very
love of them, he Xeada theia into the deatra«tlye<<«
nesa of wa]? where nrultlt'ades of them, are deatroyed. .
Beaide^^ the Jewlah element Ip hia father ldentlfi<i«-
tlon permlta blm to uae all the a o* called "Jewlah**
trlcka of deceit, lying, violence^ and audden attack
both to aubject the German people aa well aa their
foea.

To be dominant > aggTesfiive, brutal la to arouse
the violent protest of the other aide of hia nature.
. Only severe anxiety can come from thia; nightmares
and aieepleaa nights reault. But fear la aasuaged
by the fiction of the demanda of Fate, of Destiny','
of the Folk-Soul of the German pebpl^.

The denouement of the drama approaches at ev^ry
aggreaalve atep* The fiction bf the command of Fate
only holds a a long aa there la aucceas greater and
greater auocess to assuage the mounting feelings
of anxiety knd -guilt. Aggreaslon^ therefore, has a
limit; it eiinnot go beyond the highest point of

success * When that la reached, the personality

' .. .....

may ooi|.apso unde^ the flood of its own guilt

. • ". ■

feelings*?-^ It Ifir, therefore', q\ilte posslfelo thet

" Th0t Sltlei? is partly c<>nscidu8 of we know
froifi hid own threats of sulcldo ahd references to
dylh^ fo* the, German people -(9).

^kpwDucsjD AT ms; mnoi\rAL A£Ci^^

Hitler will do awdy with hlmdelf at whatevex* mottent
Oarntan defeat' becomdd 8tiffl61ent enough to deatroy
the fiction of Fate which haa shielded him front the
violence of hla own guilt, . fie i&ay then tu3«n upon
himself the de struct Ivonc as whldb so long hss beeh
channelled toward his pdopl6 and thslr neighbors*

4..

.34

6.
7.
8.

d.

10,

IS,

16.

IT*

ld«
19*

Bloch, E*
Dodd, U..
parfigo, i.*'

Qtgither, J*
Haffner, 3.
BanisQ^i, :.B.
Heidisn, |C«
Hltley, A,
Hitler, A.

!• Bloch, E* Mllf PATIENT HITLER.

Colller'a , March 15, 1M1«

2. Dodd, M. THR'OlRSHIHESSSy EYES.

New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1^39

3. Parfigo. i,,' . GERMAN PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE, '

New York: Coianltteb on Hatlad«l
Morale, 1941.

ESCAPE FROM FREEDOM.

New York: Farrar k RHiobart^ 1941,
XirsiDE EUROPE*

New York and Londof!); Barp^t'ii 1936,
GERMANY: JEEYLL AND HYDE.

London: Seeker & Warbtarn, 1940*
t WAS HITLER'S BUDDY*
• New Republic . April 6, 1939*
HI TLER, "rSlOaRA PHY,

London: Coniitable, 1956*
MBIN KAMPF.

New York; Reynal h Bltchecek, 1999*
MY NEW ORDER. •

' ' New York: Reynal & Bltchcoeki 1941.
11* Itret9chmer,E*P^Y3IQUE AND CHARApTER* .

New York: Bareourt, Bmoe, 1925*
INSIDE HITLER*

New York: Av&lon Pre«i„ 1941*
HITLER CULT,

London: Dent, 1999*
June 83,. 1941*

Krueger^ K,
Lewla, W,
Life,
Hedicus .

A PSYCHIATRIST LOOKS AT HITLER.
J New Republic . April 26, 1939.

Rauechning, S* HITLER SmKS,

London: Butte rworth, 1939.
SbeXdon^W,H« THE VARIETIES OF HUMAN PHYSIQUE.

New York: Harper, 1940,
Str^L^eer, Q* KItLER AND I.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin « 1940*
VieHOki P* IIETAPOLITICS.

New York: KnOpf, 1941,

SECJTION HI

l&atailed AnalFa^i^a of Hitler * a Personality

(Written eapeolally
for psycholo.glata
and paychlatrlata)

- 82 -

PQREy»ORl> JO THE IffiTAItED ANALYSIS

Xn t»ritle|g t^nis analjrsls of Hitler's personality^
the use of eertaiH technical words was unavoidable.
Although I have attempted to follow as simple and
Intelligible a fortt as possible, I could not, without
tnuch circtmilocutiiaij and vagueness, get along without
three terms : "

Meed (roughly synonymous with Drive , impulse, '
tendency,^ purpose, instinct) « This is a force within
the subject .(i.«e.j, the individual whose behavior
is being atudied) which inclines him to strive toward
a certain goal, the attainment of which reduces momen-^
tarlly the tension of the need. Needs vary in kind
and in strength.

• ?ress (plxiral: press). This is a force, emanating;
, .from an* object (usually a person) in the environment,
which is directed toward the subject . A press (for
the subject) is the need or drive in the object, which.
If successful, would harm or benefit him. Press
vary in kind and in strength.

C^thexis. This is the power of an object
to arouse feelings of liking (positive cathexia)
or of disliking (negative cathexis) in the subject.
It is also permissible to say that the subject

^£;p^ODac£;D AT ms; mnoNAL McmvES

. - 83 -

"positively eatheets** or s imply "cathects" (velues,
admires, loves) one object; or that he "nec^etively
Oathecta*' (depreeiatesi, sOoriiia, fears, hates) another*
l^e cathexis (potency) of objects their ability
to evoke behavior ih the subject — can vary in kind .
(positive or h«g(itive) oif in strength.

\* STATSir^IT OP TES PROBLEM

Thirty yeers ago Hitler was s common bum, an
ttnenqployed ndxjentity, a derelict of the polyglot
society that ma Vienna. "It t*as a miserable life,"
his pal, Hanisc-h^ has written, '^and I once asked him
what he wt«s really waiting for. He answered: 'I
don't know myself.* I have never seen such helpless
lettingodown in distress.''

Twenty years later Hitler was dictator of all
Qermany. He was not waiting for anything; but demanding
and getting all that a boxmdlessly ambitious man could
want. Ifany people thought that they had never seen
such resolute confidence in victory.

Three years ago> at the age of fifty-one. Hitler
was the. most powerful and successful individtial on
earth, on the one hand, the most worshipped, on the
other, the most despised. In Oermeny he ^s virtually

- 84 w

a demigod t he had tinllmltod power; he vraa always
right; he, 0ould do no wrong; he weo the savior of the
Vaterlandt the^ conqueror of Europe^ the divinely
Appointed prophet of a new era. There was a Hitler
Str^ese or Hitler Platz in every town. "Eeil Hitler"

*

Was the eonventidl greeting for acquaintances. The
liian's picture was prominently displayed in every >
public building^^ in every railroad station^ in millions
of homes* Ets autobiography was accepted as the Bible
of d revol\;itionary folk religion. Hitler was compared
to Cbi'ist* . ;

The men is Chiefly interesting as a force that
has affected -the lives of mbr& people on this globe ,
than any meh' in history, aided^ to bo sure, by new
and miraculous instruments of communication. How was
it possible Tor a man so insignificant in stattire and
appearance so deficient in bodily strength and emotional
control^ so lacking in Intellectual attainments —
how was it possible for such a mc>n to succeed where
the mightiest aermans of the past had failed? VJhet
kind of a men is this Hitler? Vrhst are his chief
abilities and disabilities? what conditions in
Germany were conducive to his meteoric rise to power?
Vfhat is he likely to do next? And, if the Allies

get tbel)^ handa oa him, i^w oai) hd ^9 treated so that
he vlXl never riae a^lil' as a legendary figure to
matl^gate another Satanic revolution against cultured
These are among the dru'eatlO'ns that have been faced
In this p>aper.

the^aspeetd of BltXer*a peracnaXlty that especially
require eseplanatioa are these: the Intensity of the
man's dedication to the creation of an Ideal j the
nature of his llfer^raiaa; 't» Klaslon^ as be conceives
It; the fanatltiistt of hie sentlaents pro ?ower>
Olory, Dictatorship, J'^llltarlsm, Brutality, the
AggreaaiVft tnstlnct. Nationalism^ ^rlt/ of Bl&od^
and the 'fanatlciam of bia aentiments cori y'eafcness.
Indecision^ Tolerance, Compassion, Peace, !T(itionaX
Debate* Democracy^. .Bolaheviam, the Ac<|uialttve £nstlnct«
itatenaliam, Capitailsm, thd J^wiah Raee^ Chris tlanlty*
Also of Interest are: the nature of his oratorical
poifcr oyetf the emoticna cf the maaaea; hla painting
and archltefthtural Intereata; the vagai^lea of hla
SOX Instinct; and the algnlficance of hla neurotic
anid payohotlc aymptoma* .

- 86 ^

(A point of fundainQQtdl Impo^WnoO I0 thd largiSi
gljlKilo (if eii>iiii;3ie } eooipondnt in Hitler's eonstitution*

His hipd ard iddd and his shoulders t«elatiV0ly
narrow. His nrusclos. ard flab)>j^; his ld$s thin and
spindly, tho latter belh^ ^dden in thd past by
heavy boots and more recently by long trousers* He
Is hollow Ghosted^ end In the throes of passionate
3pe0oh his voice sometimes breaks into shrill falsetto*
In contrast fo his nm^oullnd ideal for Osrtdan youth^
Hitler's physical strength and agility arc definitely
below the ave;ragc* He was frail as a child| never
labored in th^ fields, never plfiyod rough games.
HQ has long tapering iejSsltlve fingers, ih Vienn<ii
hd was toQ wealfi to be eisiiplcyed on construction Jobs
and before the outbreak of ^''orld Wer I was rejected
by the Austrian Army as permanently disqualified
for service. He was discouraged after one attempt
to ride a horse, and in the last twenty years his
exercise has been limited to short walks. Some
informants say that ho is physically Incapable of
normal soxtial relations. His movements have been

- 87 -

^doserlbod as womonlsh a dolnty lodyllko way of
walking (when not asstmtlng a mllltsry carrlago in
public), cffeminato geatux^es of his arms — a
peculiar graceless Ineptitude renilnlscont of. a girl
thJE^owing a baseball «

. •

g» Modical arid Psychiatric History
Hitler has suffered from nervous gastritis, or
indigestion, for Many years. This is probably a
psychosomatic syndrome, part and parcel of his general
neuroticism* ' * ^

A Qerman psychiatrist who examined Hitler*^ medical
record in World War t has' reported that the diagnosis
of his condition was hysterical blindness* In other
words, ha did not suffer fl^om mustard gas poisoning,
as publicly stated, but from a war neurosis* It has
also been said that he was not only blind but dumb,,
and (aecordlng to one informant) deaf.

. Some years ago a benign polyp was removed from
a vocal chord.

Hitler is a victim of temper tantrums which have
increased in intensity and frequency during the last
ten years. A typical seizure consists of (1) pacing,
shouting, ctirsing, blaming, accusations of treachery

- 88 - .

&nd botray&l; (2) weeping and exhibitions of solf-
plty; and <$) falling on tbe- floor « foaming at the
mouth, bitli^g the cax*pet. The man has acnae control
OVet^ these dpiieptlform attacks, iislng then to get
his tytfti imy with his close associates.

.Hitler also suffers from agitated depressions,
affrighting nightmares, hypochondriacal states in which
he fears that h/». will be poisoned or die from cancer
of the stMCh.'

nX t ^ A?PEABA»Cfi ASU JBCPRE3SIVE ATTITUDES

The most significant fact about Hitler *s appear-
ance is Itg utter insignificance. He is the proto-
type of the little man, an unnecessary duplicate,
apparently, that one would never turn. to look at
twice. For ten years, notwithstrnding, Qermans have
been gazing at him and> spellbound, seen the magnetic
figure of ^ one who could have said and done what Hitler
has said ahd done.

Comments have chiefly centered on Hitler's eyes
and his hands. Although his greyish-blue eyes are
usually stary and dead, impersonal and unseeing, at
times he looks a man or woman straight in the face
with a fixed, unwavering gaze that has been described

of axptesflioa aaiit dl^Qdrn an l^td89« fXoiud of

w0H«9hapo4 and eaiprqaalira, and in haranguing an
atidlened tl^j aif« i»j»ed. t^a good effdot^.

Xtt aXX otl|oi^.]^a$pae11«« Hl^Xejpfft 0ppea|^a9Od if
totaXXy Xadking In diatlnvtilon. Bia fdatui'^jis a)«a soft^
hit eheaka afaXXew and puff arn hia ha^vftabaka Xooiijt hia
^aXina moiat and oXainmy* $uoh f#atut*Q8 oan hai^X^r
ba appraciatad bjp the avoraga ^rlalto^ aa evidencaa
of an S»oo llan« .

^ hia raaationa to t ha worlds Sitxax* pirari
many paft^a, that*a 4a tfeMS expreaaiohleas HltXai^j
Xlka a dwBiriy ataiidihg wl^h upi|aitiad hand in tha front
0^ a viac^tmaaXad notoroaV .l7hfiit novat at; a ai^w pace .
down tha fi|raat iavenu^ h^ti^aan aerriad ranka.of aboutinji
«orahlpfuX adharanta. Xhara ia tha embai'i'daaed HitXar^
iXi at aiiaa^ atran aubaarviant, in tha praa'anoa of a
atreingari an eriatbcratj, a great generoX, or a king
(aa on hia viait to XtaXy)* Oliera ia the gf'aeioua
gitXer , tha a oft, goo<l<»fiAtured Auatrian, gantXa^
informaX, end oiren modaat, iir4;Xcoiiiing friendXy admlrara
atL hia iriXXa; aa nalX aa tha aentimentaX MtXer ,
va aping over a deed canary* Then thera la the tacticeX

flllfeiei^^ who dtm^ In ati tUd orltleai norndQt witli- th?
daxiiagly right' decislofij difl4 tho laygtic&l ait?ley j
hinting of a thousana years of superiority for thfl
Gtorman folki the pdaaoaAed \aitier> ahriekihg i»itti
fanatibaX fury as ha exhorta the laaaaos; tho
hyatarl^aX ' gitXea^^ rolling on tha oafpat or ahaldng
with tari'or as he wakaa from a nightifiardi the
a^athetid Hitler ,, limp^ in<$oXarlt| ao($ indaciaivej
and at all times, the ^oaohoae Hitler^ yeady to go
off half^<;ooi£odi eh a lon$ tirade even though he i»
addressing a single individual* Of all these « it is
the. tactldal Bitler, the mystieal Hitleri and the
poasessed Hitler which have been ohiefly instrumental
in 'winning the position he now holds* It is beeause
of these powerful inhabitanta of his being that people
hey^ aecepted and tolerated the leas appealing er l«ss
bearable inhsbitahts* . ^

1837 Marlfi Annfi Schlcklgrubdf haa an llldgltimatQ
8dn, Alois boxni \m Sti^onds^ noai^ Spltal
Johena C^eorg Hledlei^ (fiitid^} n« HfiMe Anna
Schlcklgruber
1850 Birth of Klara Poel»X in Spital

1877 ,t Jlift« «

Alttis Schickljgruber logitlwized' as Aldls fiitlejp
Al9is Hitler iii< Annfi Oiasl*Horer (14 year«
older)

1883 . D«ath of Anna QlaslnHorer in Breunau

1883 Alois Hitler m. Franziska'lfetzolberger
eal883 « dil^th.,pf Alois H|.tXer 2 month* aft«r

ioarrlage

1884 Bijfth of Angela Hitler

1884 Deiith of Ft^antlalnt llatzeXbergei^

I8e3> Jim* 7 ^

Alois Hitler (47 years.) m« Klara Poelzl
. Birth of two childreii i^o die ifi infancir
188d, Apr* 20

> Birth of Adolf Hitler in Braunau

. Fainily move to Passau (Bayarla) on Austrian
border,

cal8d3 i Alois Hitler retires on a pension

Family/'' move to Lambaeh (S4 miles from tAti%\*,
Cathblile csbnvent
calB9G. Birth of ipeula Hitler

oal900 Family mbve to Leondihg (suburb of O^inz);

Teotanioel School

19Q$^ Jen« 3

V Death ofr AXbls Hitler'
Family fiwYS . to Linizr
1904*5 A<lolf Hitler attends school in &tej^
1907, Ooti^Hitler failjT to pass' examination Qjf Academi*
of Arts, Vienna

1907, Dec. 21

KlaJ!^ Hitler dies, (A« H* is 18 y^ Irs old)

1908, -Jan, A. Hi moves to Vienna

1908, Oct. A. H* fails a second time to pass examination

of Academy of Arts
19l3 A« H* moves to Munich.

# Not all these datea are reliable; moa t o f the
early ones are from 0tu)ther*s INSIDE BDROPE.

- ■ mFWP(7C£:0 AT mSJMAnOMAL AFCmVSJS

CHItDBOOX) AKO APOLESCfiHCB
X6a$ - X0O7

f

X> gjf^giilg S»letlo||»
If gather ^

to Hlt3.ex»'8 f QS*et)0ei?tf' ai8(t^|»«df^s e« soon M nt^^alUo

lill1»oi?«td peaaebt I^UilXjr* Aaolf Hltleijkts pat'ant'll
w&re Itjotli dBjaceiidod f r<aa on© Hitler (fatJbor's grand-
fathex* and tttOther^$ grdathgpndfatber)| an inhabitant
of the cuXturalXir baokwai^d vfeXdvlerteX dlstrlot,
tJt?"per Austria »

KarBbaX Hindonburg AXoli EltXon ^«

Hit^oa?«» fal^oip.
Note rettembXaiide
to Hlndanburg.

mPWDucsD AT me mr/OMAL McmvjSS • .

Paipily atifediy 6'nd;pey$6 ipatfaejy
fki« dhl«f fiifft* tl&out Aioift m,tid)^ whieh har^

•f • . ■ • • •

srut^eii t^oaioei pregnaoii dvirlog ber diitp:ioyaient aa a
$ai^t)t ill a ^didati V|eim«0« faiolljp* pe# i^hla
iraatott ah* •adH' t>ft«^t( ti hour homa in thd <^o>unts»3r«
If thii ift ti«ua,. AXoia ^H^t^ K^alf-*-
^««tali, Tha faati tlsat lia aaleotad a ^aw^ aairi!* prins
of viamiai t« ^ tha godfattiay of i)ia aon AdaXf ^ ia
itt Una uritW tbia tQrp«tli«ili#

(b> Xlt any avanl^^ AX^M HitXaj^ waa iXXagitliBBta
and a* at>eh «»«>o doubt t^o tn^ifer the c0»tasipt
9f tha >ittXa oomntanlti^^ ipitaX, 19 fhlolt he wai feai^ad*
lt«»iia|»« it ffit fof thit )i!<aaaoi} that he laft hia hona
at an eai»Xy aga to aeek hia fortune in Vienna.
% (o) AXoia BltXer atarted life ea a almpXe
•VohbXer tmt finalXy impsoved hia atatua by beeomln^i
a cuatoma- offieiaX* Por a tlitie be patrolled the
(Jenaan-Auatriaa border, waa known aa a *inan>hunter^ *
Ee area very proud of thia poaition, believing that,
it antitled him to lord it over thoae of the clAea
that had ooee aeorned hiiii«

(d) Id appeerenee Alois Hitler resembled liershal'
Hindenburg. V. He had a walrus moustache, under which
protruded, sullen and arrogant lar lower lip. He wore

an uniform, his badge of statxis; and as a border
patrolman carried a revolver on his person. Hs smoked
and ran after women. It is said that he frequented .
the village pub and enjoyed nothing so much as recount-
ing his accomplishments to a receptive auditory. He
was a coarse man, with boasts and curses forever on
his tongue. He died of apoplexy*

(e) He was twenty- three yeers older than his
wife, a peasant girl who had once served as a maid
in the house of his first wife. Thus, the father's
greater age, his higher social status, the traditional
prerogatives' of the husbsnd in the German family, the
man's over-weening pride — all supported him ih
maintaining a master-servant relationship with his
wife. Frau Hitler was nervous, mild, devoted, and
submissive, in his own home, Alois Hitler was a
tyrant .

(f ) In his treatment of his son Adolf, it is
said that the father was stem and harsh. Physical
punishments were frequent. He seems to have looked on
his son as a weakling,, a good-for-nothing, moonstruck

- 93 -

dream^]^; at tlmoa porhapd hla vonlty Imagined a
successful career for the boy, which would still further
lift the fpnlly status, and so when young Adolf announced
his intention to be en artist the father, perceiving
the frustrotion of his dream, put his foot down —
"An artist, no, never as long as I live." (K.IC. 14).

(g) . There is some doubt about the complexion of
Alois Hitler's political sentiments* Banisch reports
that "Hitler heard from his father only praise of
Germany and all the faults of Austria;" but, accord-
ing to Heiden, more reliable informants claim that
the' father, though full of complaints and criticisms
of the government he served, was by^ no means a German
nationalist* They say he favored Austria against
Oeniany*

(h) It is not unlikely that Hitler in writing

his sketch of the typical lower class home drew upon

his personal experiences, and if this is true, the

following passages give us an interesting side-light

on the character of the father:

(i) But things ehd bsdly indeed when
the man from the very start goes hisVowh way
(Alois Hitler 'ran after other women') and
the wife^ for the sake of .her children^
stands up against him* Quarreling and
nactt^g set in, , and in the same measure in
whioh the husband becomes estranged from .
hit: wife, ho becomes familiar with

mpwpucw AT riis mnojvAL MCffrvES

* 97 -

alcohol. . .^"lien he final! j comes homo on
Sxmday or Monday night, drunk end brutal,
but always without a last cent and penny,
then Crod have mercy on the scenes which
follow. 1 witnessed all of this personally
in hundreds or scenes end at tno . beginning
with both aisgust and indignation

(M.K. sgugs)." ' — : — ^ — "

The other things the little fellow
hears at home do not tend to ftirther his
respect for his Surroundingis • Not a
single shred is left for humanity, not
a single institution is left unattacked;.
. starting with the teacher, up to the
head of the State, be it religion, or
morality as such, be it the State or
Society, . no matter vrislch, everythlhg
is abused, everything is pulled down
in- the nastiest manner. Into the filth
of a depraved mentality^ (U.K« 43)*

(i) Relations to Father •

There are reasons to believe that the boy Adoif
was very much afraid of his father in his early years
that he was timid and submissivo in his presence;
but when he was out of reach of his father's iiomonso
authority (when his father was out of the house or
when the boy was at school \inder less severe dis-
ciplinarians) he wr.s often unruly and defiant. He
had no respect for a lenient system of government*

Not until he was eleven did Adolf dare to oppose
his father. Here the issue was the selection of his
vocation: Hexr Hitler wanted his son to follow in
his footsteps and become a state official; but the

- 98 -

t>oy doolded ho wanted to bo an ertlst. Of this

doiei^fllct between father and son. Hitler writes:

(1) ffils domineering: ne>ture, the
result of a life-long struggle for exlstenooj,

■ would have thought it unbearable to

. leave "^the ultimate decision to a boy
who, in his opinion, was ihexperiencod
and irresponsible* (M.K4 11 )•

(ii) No matter how firm and de*
temined my father might be in carrying
t>ut his plans and intentions once made,
his son was Just as stubborn and
obstinate*. • <P*K. 12)*

(ill) .he opposed me with the
resoluteness of his entire nature. • .The
old man became embittered, and, much as
.1 loved him. the same was true of myself
••*and now the old man relentlessly began
to enforce his authority. (M.K. 13<>»14) •

It is obvious from these and other passages,
as well as from local hearsay, that the isolations of
• Adolf and his parent froio 1900-1903 (when the father
died) were exceedingly stormy. It was a classical
father-son conflict*

(J) Hote l Hitler* 8 attitude to old men. In
many places, in VEIN KAMPP and in some of his recorded
ctmveraations. Hitler speaks of old men in a derogatory and
ccntemptucus mannai** It is often very suggestive of what
might hava been hla sentiments towards his sixty-
year-old father (twenty- three years older than his
mother)* The following quotations might be cited
in illustration:

- 99 -

(I) Hauachnlng: Eversrwhera, Hitler
complalnod, thore were nothing but aterlle
old men in their second childhood^ who
bragged of their technical knowledge and
had 1 oat their aound conmon aenae.

(II) Hitler^ quoted bv Helden:
My great adversary, Reichapr&aldent von
Hlndenburg/; ii today #tfi5hty-fi^^ yocra
of age . I W:f (>rt^^^<^^ feel in
perfect health, /^nid) nbthliig happen
to me, f 01^ # ini eieax^lif "etfht^ of the
great task iirhioh Privi4iW^^is assigned

* to me • .

0« Mother !

'(a) l>ersonelity of Mother

The pertinent facts ajir^ theajp;

Klara Poelzl was an exeppfloj^j houaokeeper* Her
home waa elwaya spotlessly t^lLeah, everything had
Its place, not a speck 0% dust on the furniture*

She had a gentle nature. Her relatively young
age, her docile character, her years of domestic
service — all inclined her to compliance and
Christian resignation. The trials and tribulations
of life with an Irascible husband resulted in a
permanent attitude of abnegation. Toward her son
Adolf she was ever devoted, catering to his whims
to the point of spoiling him. She it was who

.

'(

encouraged his artlstliot ambitions.

^j- - 100

Tho mother ■.■W£' 3- opereted on for cfincer of the
breast in the summer of 1907 nnd dlod v/lthln six months.
It is very likely- -that the disor.scr m^s mprkod by

.V, '

ulcere tionn of the chest wall, r.nd rrjQtnstRsee in the

lungs .

(b) Rslationg.' to Wqthg^ .

• •-.'Hltlor has written very little and said nothing

• publicly cbout his mother, but the fev/ scrape obtfiinQ<£'*-'

suggest mony youthful years of loving depondoncc

upon her. Hitler speeks ofr-

(1) • ♦.♦the mother- devoting herself to
the cares of the housekiold looking after hex*
.. .children . with' eternally the same loving
kindness, (K.K, 3).

.-'■k . lox

(il) for three or four of th^.^^yebte
between; Mt father's and hla mother'lt'iTda^i .>
Adolif Hitler i41«cl away a good deal of hi#- ,
time 60^^ 1^ apple of hla mother* a

eye. ^tul' allowed him to drop hia atudlea
at the Ite^iaitMiu^ she encouraged hiia in his
ambitidhl\ to ' W a ahe yielded to

h4:8 eydi*^wl8h.j 1^ years,, it ia

r^orted^tfaeyi^liBitiondtiip between mother
and a on wil marked by r(#iproeal adoration* .
Hitler * a aibazlng aelC^ai^^ (at moat
tinges ) oan be attrlbttte^' iQ pftX't to the
Ijiipreaaion of theae years wheri at the age
of' thirteen hii^: father, m he succeeded

to thui pbwer and became the llttlirrdiotator
of the family^" fipt# olflei' ^rother*^ Aloia^-
had left b;r thia tim»^1ftiidt he waa. :t&a ooly^;
malis^in A notuiehold of ftSur. "O^hste wei^ my
hap|>le^t''days ; they seemed like a; di?eattr^to me,
and a,i^ they were,'' (l^^^* 26). ....

, ' (lii) Sutler wai^ltea: "My mother*a
death. , ♦wal*" A terrible , ehock <|<* loted ,

my-mothar,"., " *^ r

( isr) Dr . Bloch Vepoif^a .liEaC Adolf ^^^^^^
orient whdn'he'^ heard 6f Ma' mobhei;*s #ajfMi^^>
ingS l^t opeiration and later afc he|>: d^^^^ '
exhibited great grleJf. The doctbJp h^S nrar .
a$eir anyone ao prostrata wlth'sorrowV A^rts%^^^^^^
tiie buriistl in the Catholic cemetery, AdolJPi^^S/

. stayed' by fae|»'gi'ayd long lifter thi dthiBrji "

" haddepsrtedr..,^^./; "^Vt^t^'"''

CV) ^tler wqH the- picture of his
mother pver his breasf in thp field during
World War I.

(vi) That \the mothei*- child relation-
ship was a compelling, though rejected, pattern
for Hitler may .be surmised frop (1) his
attacb&ent t6 *^ubstitutf moth^
his pos^t-'war years, {^) hi^^l frequent usf of
'mother imagery' in spisaldhg and writing,
and (3) his selection of picture^ of Ifedonna
and child to decorate ki« rooms*

' Coi^per of Big Room at BeraSteag&den,*

■ Palh'ting"' of ' Madon^d: &'-Chlia^ov6r:'mant

• -^^ ■ ■ ' , ■

■ Fx-ata theae and otpaer fclts ol evidence we can
concludo that Hitler loved h^W mother and hatied his
father, that he had an. Oedlpua Complex > r in other vi0^3.
But, a a we shall aoon |ee, thiis can explain only one
phase of his relationship to 'Sii a parents. ■

(c) Slbllnga

It Is oertaln'tbat there were two older children
In the household during Adolf < a early years. The
father liad been married twice before; there was a.

-

half-4>rother, Alois Hitler, Jr., and a half-sister,
Angela Hitler. We Icnow nothing of Hltler*s relation-
ship to the former (who much later turned up in Berlin
as proprietor of a restaurant). The half-sisterg
^ Angela, married Herr Haubal, an official in the tax
bureau In Llnz. Later she managed a restaurant for
Jewish students at the Univers-l.ty of Vienna, li'or
some years she was Hitler's Jiousekeeper at Berchtes-
gaden, until she married Professor Martin Hanmlzsch
of Dresden, where she now lives.

(1) Several informants have stated that
there Is a* younger sister, Paula, born when Adolf
was about seven years old. Consequently, he must
have experienced the press Birth of Sibling during
his childhood. This younger sister, it seems. Is a
very peculiar, secluslve person who now lives in
Vienna. It has been said that she had affairs with
several men In turn, one of whom was a Jew. It is
believed that she is mentally retarded.

- 104 -

(11) There are reports of two children
irhp, died In Infeney before Adolf was borni. One of
thtte mar have been Bdinundi Qt> Oustaf, mentioned by
aonid' informants*

. ^ # •

Boyhood Reactiona. Aetivltiea, .'ond Interests
Very little reliable . information exists as to

Bitler*s childhood.. Most informants , however, agree

on the following points; ..

(a) Physical Weakness.- Adolf • was a frail lad,
thin and pale. He did not participate in any athletics
or enjoy hard physical ea^ercise. He was sensitive

and liked to be with his mother, look at books, sketch
landscapes; or take walks by himself. He liked to
daydream about Germany's wars, but he did nothing to
fit himself to be a soldier. When he tired of school
(ashamed of his 'inferiority in scholarship), he became
nervously sick (feigned lung trouble ) , and his mother
permitted him to drop out and stay at-home.

(b) Low Tolerance of Fr^ustration.- One can bo
certain that, as a child, Adolf reacted violently to
frustration. He undoubtedly had temper tantrums
which were rewsfded by his mother's ready compllanco
to his wishe^^i (This was his way of "courting the
soul of the common people".) He was also finnicky
about food, we can be sure.

(c) Rebclliousncsa and Repented Aggression.-
At home dlaclpllne was capricloiis: His father was
.often unusually severe, his mother Inordinately
idnient. As a result, he developed no steady and
tipnsistent character; he alternated between subservieiice
(to placate his father) and tmruliness.

(i) Lansing: His first teacher
recalled. • .that he was a quarrelsome,
stubborn lad who smoked cigarets and cigar
stubs collected from the gutter or begged
from roisterers in the public houses.

(ii) Banish reports that Hitler

told him- that the people of the Innviertel ' "
wore great brawlers and that, as a boy,
he used to love to watch their fights.
Also, that he used to einjoy visiting a
fine exhibition in Linz of deadly weapons.
What others abhorred appealed to him.
. (N.B«, Here is fair evidence of repressed
aggression (sadism) during boyhood.)

(iil) Hitler, as a: mere boy of ten,
became passionately interested in reading
■ about the "amazingly victorious campaign
of the heroic Oerman armies during the
Fran CO- Prussian War". Soon this had be-,
come "my greatest spiritual expeirience".
(U.K. 8).

(iv) I raved more and more about
everything connected with war or militarism.
(M.K. 8).

(v) A careful examination of the
first chapter' of MEIN KAMpp will convince
any psychologically ti^ineii ijsader that
Adolf* a vigorous ad^'eifc/of the cause' of
Germany as ojiposed td tijsli of Avtstria from
the age of eleveh onward' pre sen ted a
legitimate substitute twf his repressed

- 106 -

TObelllon agolnst his fother. Inspired by his
history teacher. Professor Pootsch (father>
sxirrogate), and a long line of Oennan military
heroes « the boy could give vent to his pent-up
resentment by publicly proclaiming his devotion
to the Qerman Reich of Bismark and vehemently
denouncing the authority of Austria (symbol of
his fathei^). In MEIN KAHPP Hitler writes at
length of his possession of :

(vi) .an intense love for my native
Qerman- Austrian country and a bitter hatred
against the 'Austrian* State. (M.K. 22«23).

Speaking pf the youthful Nationalist movement

that he joined, he writes:

(vii) ••i.lt is rebellious; it wears the
forbidden emblem of its own nationality and
rejoices in being punished or even in being
beaten for wearing that emble^..»the greeting
was »Heil»; and *Doutschland uber alles' was
preferred to the imperial anthem, despite
warnings and punistoients . (M.K. 16).

It was during these days that he first began

to play the r^le of a young ftgitator.

(viii) I believe ^ that oven then my
ability for making speeches was trained by
the more or less stirring discussinns with
my comrades •. .For, .pbvious reasons my father
could not appreciate the talent for oratory
of his quarrelsome son. (M.K* 7)«

The boy's ideas of greatest glory revolved round

the victories of the Franco- Prussian War.

(ix) Why was it that Austria had not
taken part also in this war, why not my father

• ..,? (M.K. 9). I had decidedly no sympatny
for the course my father's life had taken.
(M.K. 7). During the yeara of my imruly youth
nothing had grieved me more than having been born

at a tlmo whon temple^^f glory we|<^
erected to merchant^ o>i^ State offie||(il
(his father's profession) 4 (M.K* 2p|j»
I, too, wanted to become 'somettiing^
hut in no event an official. (IliK-*

These quotations supply further oiri^elnce
of Adolf 's. repressed hatred of his father and of the
fact that negativism end wilfulness had become es-
tablished patterns before puberty.

(d) Passivity, or. Illness, as Means of

Resistance.- Hitler manifested a significant aspect *

of his nature when he determined to frustrate his

father's intention to melee a civil servant out of

,hlm. The policy he adopted was that of resistance

through indolence and passivity.

(i) I was certain that as soon as
my father saw my lack of progress in school
...he would lot mo seek the happiness
of which I was dreaming. (M.K« 14).

Later, after his father's death, whon he wanted

to leave school, he won his mother's consent by making

himself sick.

. (i) Impressed by my illness my mother
agreed at long last to take me out of school*
\\\,Yi* 24).

After this he spent two years of shiftless
activity around the house, which set the pattern
for his passive drifting, and dreaming days in Vienna.

(e) Lack of Friends.-. No friendships dating
from bo^ood have ever been mentioned and it is not
likely that the boy was at all popular with his class-
matos. During adolescence he was said to be quiet,
serious » dreamy and taciturn.

(f ) Sexual Misbehavior. A Nazi who visited
Leonding much later and looked up the school records
thore fotind evidence that at the age of eleven or
twelve Adolf had comnitted a serious sexual indiscre-
tion with a little girl. For this hei was punished
but not expelled from school.

4« Conclusions

(a) Hate for Father. Love for Mother. (Oedipus
Coniplex This has been noted and stressed by numerous
psychologists; and some evidence for it has been listed
here. Rarely mentioned but equally important is:

(b) Respect for Power' of Father, Contempt for
Weakness bf Mother * Hitler is certainly not a typical
product of the- Oedipus complex, and more can be learned
about the underlying forces of hiis character by
observing which parent he has emulated, rather than
which parent he has loved. In MEIN KAMFF, he writes,
"I had respected my father, but I loved my mother."

- 109 -

Ho might bettcz- hovo said, "I lovod my mother, but
I respected my father", because respect has always
jnofint more to him than love.

(c) Identification with Father . Although Hitler
has not the physique or temperament of his old man,
being conatitutlonally of another type, it is evident

. that he has Imitated, conspiously or unconsciously,
many of his father's traits and none of his mother's.

(d) Adolf Hitler's will to power, his pride,
aggressiveness and cult of brutality are all in
keeping with what we know of the personality and
conduct of Alois Hitler. The son's declaration that
he has demanded nothing but sacrifices from his ad-
herents is certainly reminiscent of the father's
attitude toward wife and children.

(1) ...his son has undoubtedly in-
herited, amongst other qualities, a stubborn<-
ness similar to his own... (M.K. 14).

(e) The father's loud, boastful, and perhaps
drunken, talk, at home and at the pub (described by
some informants), may well have provided his young
son with an impressive model for emulation. The
nbtion of being a village pastor had appealed to
Alois Hitler and that of being an abbot appealed

to his boy, no doubt for the same reason — the
opportunity it afforded for oratory.

- 110 -

^£;pwduC£;d at ths natiomal Agcmvsjs

(f ) Father and son each left home to seek his
forttme in Vienna. In MBIN EAKFF there are several
indications that the image of his father's success
in viennn acted as a spur.

(i) I, too^ hoped to wrest from Fate
the success my father had met fifty years
earlier. (K.K* 25).

(ii) And I would overcome these
obstacles, always bearing in mind my father's
example, who, from being a poor village boy
and a cobbler's apprentice, had made his way
up to the position of civil servant. (M.K. 28).

(g) Adolf Mtler sported a walrtis moustache
like his father's for a number of years. He finally
triamed it in imitation of a new exemplar, Feder.

(h) Adolf Hitler's invariable uniform and
pistol may well have been suggested by Alois Hitler's
Tsniform and pistol (1 (d)).

(i) It is said that Alois Hitler had a great -
respect for the class system; was proud of his rise
in status; envied those above him and looked down
upon those below him. If this is true, the father
was instrumental in establishing a pattern of senti-
ments which wits of determining iinportance in his son'
career. Adolf Hitler has always been ehvXous of Ms
superiors and deferential ^ he has never showed any
affinity for tlie prp5jetari4*i.

. . lll"--

(J)- Adoif Hitler haa huns a portrait of his
father ovar the desk in bis study at Berchtesgaden.
This is a signal honor, since the likeness of only-
three other men — Frederick tha Great, Karl von'
Moltke, &nd M-usgolinI --^ haye been selected for
Inclualon in- any of Hitle-r's rooms- There is no-
where any picture of his .mother.

- i

Hitler's Study at Berghof ,
Desk faces portrait of Alois Hitler.

Aloitt^ it. Iq 8«id> im« a amolcer^ a drlnkax* and
a la char; and today hla aon is renarkable fM* hla
abatamlousnass. Thus, in tlwaa reapaeta tba two
ara diffapant^ Bat wa should not, fopgat that. Adolf
tiaad' t9 pick up oiitar butts and smoka them as a boy;
ha draak baap and wina in hia aarly Ifunieh days ; and
in tha laat fi'ftaan yaars haa shown a good daal of
intareat in woman*

l^ara oan ba no doubt than that. Hit la» gpaatly
anwiad an<l adairad tha powai* and authority of hia
. father; and although he hated him as the tyfant wlx;
oppoaad and friuitratad him personally^ he looked on
him with awa, and admiration, desiring to be as hi9
waa • Speaking of hla old man, the aon conf essad in
his. autobibgraphy that ^uneonaoioualy ha had aonn -
th# t&jt a future i^ioh neither he nor I wqt^d.

have graapad at that time." (M.£« $4). Henoa^orth
Adalt Hitler* a attention and emulation «raa only to
ba evoked by a <lkcmiinating ruthlaaa man, and if thiis
man' happened to be in oppoaition ta himj, then he
would hata and raapaet him aimaltanaoualy« Hitler *8
admiration for atrongly enduring <inati tut iont tv^i
▼ery aimilar, it ae^imaj to hia admiration foi^ hia
aiKty* yaai>* old parent « He wrtt^*?

- X13 -

(I) •••Incredibly vigoroua power that
Inhabits this age- bid institution (Catholic
Church) .

(II) •..ha (Lueger) waa diapo8e4*<*to
secure the favor of any existing powerful
inatitutiona. In order thati ha might dariVe

. from these old sources of strength the
greatest possible advantage* ••

(k) Idehtifioatioh wifch Kptheg *- I» Hitler's
constitution ttore ifl' a large gynlo (fenlnina)
component and ha has many faminine tjpaita^ soma
hidden. Conaequently, in view of hia avowed- lava
for hia mother, we must auppose that there was a
dispositional kinship or biologieal identification,
between the. two during the boy's earliaat yeara.
Adolf naturally and spontaneCualy felt the way
his mother felt* This, however, was not of his
own making « There la some evidence that in Hitler's
mind "Oermany'* la a myatical conception which atands
for the ideal mother--a substitute for his own im-
perfect mother. But there are no indications, in
any av^nt, that Hitler admired hia mother or any
wqman who resembled her, or that he adopted any
of her sentiments, or that he waa even influenced
by her in any important way.' Hence, the conclusion
is that Hitler had many traits in common with his
mother;, but that he repudiated those traits as
evidences of weakness and femininity, and in ao
doing repudiated her.

- 114 -

(k) Rejection ' of Mother To the extent that
Hitler respected and emulated hie father, he dii<^
respected and denied his mother. Some evidence to
demonstrate this point nrlll be Drought forwiird in a
later section.' Hitler probably loved his mother very
much as a person; but his strong dependent attachment
to her was a humiliating sign tt his incapacity to
take Care of himself > and hence he ivad fbrced to be-
little the relationship. At eighteen years he. was too
near to her weakness , not feminine enough and yet not
male enoiigh, to respect her» He writes:

(i) I owe much to the time in which
I had learned to become hard (in Vienna)*..
I praise it even more for having rescued
me from the enqptiness of. an easy life (in
Litis with his mother), that it took the
milksop out of his downy nest and gave
him Dame Sorroii for a foster mother^..
(M.K. 29).

' &aiis6lt reports thatr in Vienna Hitler manl«
fested a **(|ueer idealism ajsout love''^ but had very
little respect for t'he female eex. Every woman he
believed ttssx\^ be had. This remark falls, in with
the evidence to be presented later which euggests that
for a time Adolf wae indignant with his mother for
submitting to his father, and Ih the end sc^orned her
for so doing. Since he hae always been

- X15 *

contemptuous of physical weakness, one might ezpept

him to be contemptuous of women; and there are some

facts to show that this is true. It is. even possible

that after Herr Hitler *s death the adolescent Adolf,

adopting his father's r^e to some extent^ sometimes . ..

lashed his mother with insolent words and maybe struck

her. If this were true, it would help explain his

exceeding grief on the occasion of her death, guilt

contributing to his dejection, and it might explain a

striking passage in HEIV KAMFP in which Hitler des««

crlbes the typical lower class family.

(1) V/hen, at the age of fourteen, the
young lad Is dismissed from school (Adolf
dropped' school when he was about sixteen
years). It Is difficult to say which is
worse: his unbelievable ignorance as far
as knowledge and ability are concerned, or
the biting Impudence of his beh$vlor, com-
bined with an immorality which makes one's
hair stand on end, considering faift age
(Adolf's immorality came to the notice of
Ms teachers atr ^he age of twelve years } • . •
The three- ^|ar- old child has now become a
youth of fifteen who despises all authority
(Recall Adolf's conflict with hla father).**
Now h^ loiters about ^ and God only knows when
he comes home (See p. 7, •••"caused my mother
much grief, made me anything but a stay-at-
home"). \ tor' a change he may even' beat the
poor creature who was once his mother, curses
God and the world*.. (M.K*. 43-44)*

(1) Evidence will be advanced iHater to show

that one of the most, potent impressions of Hitler's

early life was that of a r elationship in which a

- lis -

a dMBiheerlHg and g6vai?e old ittan (hlai fftth<»i*) Tjullled
and^ flibornfully maltreated a gentle and cbiiipllant woiiian
(hia aiother ) » The effects of bein^ reaired under these
conditions .were lasting; the experience made it im-
possible for him to believe in, hope for, or enjoy a
relationship narked by peace, love, and tenderness 4
(m) The outstanding press of the b6y*s early
life were those of p - Aggreaaiori and p •> Rejeotion i
The former came mostly from his father; the latter from
many people. Among ^he specific causes of thiis idea
of having been .rejected we would list (1) the birth
of a youni^r sister, Paula, in 18i95 or 1896; (2) the
opposition of his father; (3) his repeated failures
at school; •(4) his lack of friends; (5) the death
of both parents, making it necessary^ for hitti, a
penniless uneducated and unemployed orphan, to face
the world alone* The sense of being rejected by his
family is in many passages expressed in connection ■
with his feeling of being excluded from membership
in the Qerman nation. This point will be taken up
later. k- ■

.(i) Are we' not the same as all the
other Qermans? Do we not all belong to-
gether? This problem how began to whirl
through my little head for the first ^inie.
After cautious questioning, I heard with
envy the reply that not every Gksnoan was
fortunate enouglh to belong to Bismarck's
Reich. This I could hot understand. (if.K« 9).

- lis ^

(ii) An unnaturdl sepetr&tion f?om tlui
great coinmon Motherland* (M.N.P# 4S9)«

(n) Repudiation of ?a8t If and Family C6hheotibha »

Knowing Hitler's fanatical sentimenta against mixed

marriages, impure blood, tb€f lower classes, and the

Jewish race, .it is important to note the following

facts:

(i) His forebear^ come from a region in
which the blood of Bavarians, Bohemians, Moravians,

t

' • " ■ . ' . ■ .' i * - ' '

Czechs, and Slovakians have mixed for generations*
Without doubt all of these strains are represented
in him. V

(11) . His father wais illegitimate; his grand-
father may have been a Viennese Jew.

(ill) His godfather, Herr Prinz, was a
Viennese Jew* .

(iv) His father had three wives, one a
waitress, one fi domestic servant, and a number, of
women on the aide (hearsay).

(r) His father begot at least one child
out of marriage*

(vl) I^;iera Poe^pij., his mothcT, was Alois
Hitler's second couialn once removed and also his ward
( twenty- thJN^e years younger)* Special peicimiasion from
the Chxirch had to be obtained before he could marry her.

^^P^ODUC^D Ar me mnON'AL AMCfffVES

- 117 -

(vll) Angalu Hitler, Adoif t* older half*
sister >,ln9in a restaurant for Jeitlsli students In Vienna

(▼iil> Hula Hitlei^>. Adolf (tf yduxigei> slater
vas the mistress of a Viennese Jew for a while. .

(ix) A cousin of Hitler's Is feeblS'-iidnded,
most of the othe'r members of his clan are ignorant,
illiterate, or mentally retarded. He himself had to
repeat the first year of Realaohule (Technlbal High
Schocil) and failed to graduate. *

Thus, Hitler has spent a good part of his -life -
oxirslng and eondeublng people who belong to hlfl layei>
of society^ who reiiiemble members of his own elan ^ whb
have eharacteristios, siirllar to his own. On the other
hundf the id^al he has set up, the person he pretend?
to be, is ths exact opposite of all this* we hatre a
fairly clear case, then, of Counteriactioh against
inferiority feelings and self •'■con tempt. Between
1908, when he' left > and 19S8, aftel^ the Ansohlusir^
Hitler never visited his heme, and never cdnilnunicated
with his relatives (ejccept in the case of hitf half-
sister Angel9)« mxllka Htpoleon^ hdi did not carry hid
family along with him as he ascended to thd heights
of power* let this^we see a Rejectidn of hi? pacrt self
and family connections.

* 118 • .

egoc9ntrl9xn, bfis always l>een 90 marleed; he has been
sudh a Bohemian, if not a lone volf, in many phaaea of
his career that his tjn^oubtec} devotion to Oena^ny strikes
ono a9 most unusual « Sinoe this devotion began at an
early age and was tha factor^ more. than any other « which
decided that ha would become a suprame success rather
than an utter failure, it is worth while noting hera
the forces so far mentioned which brought .about this
intense insociatioh:

. (i) Influence of Ludwig poetsQh^ his
tQaohor, who, serving as a substitute father^
glorified the history of Germany and presented
Biamark*8 Reich as an ideal.

(ii) Influence of a strong nationalist
assoQiation among Hitler *8 classmates.

(ill) Cathexis of power. The figures of
Frederick the Great, Bismarck and others offered better
foci of. admiration than did Austrian heroes. ' '.

(iv) Insocietion with a more powerful nation
satisfied his youthful pride, raised his status in his.
own eyes, and allowed him to reject his inferior
AVistrlan self .. '

. -•. lis . '

0

(v) Ifi^lghtened eathexls of an object behind
a Imrriet^. This la a genel'al principle: that an
IndividuaX will idealise an obj^eot that he 6ah not '
(|uite attain -^^ so hoai* but yet so fai*'. in this .
oonneotiori it is interesting to note that the great
naiority of- dictators have not been natives, of thd
eouniry that they caioe to dominate* Hitler's con-
tinued sympathy for Germans outside the Reich is evi-
dently a projection . of hic( own 9elf-:pity:a.8. Ost-
markian.

(v-1) (llemel returns to the
Reich) I thereby lead you bacTk into that
home whidh you have not foi^gotten and which
has never forgotten you. / (M.ir#o« 614).

(vi) Displacement of defiance against
the fathers By identifying ^himself with derirmny, the'
boy Adolf found an object eVen greater than his stetnn
father, which perttitted him to give vent to his frus-'
tra ted rebelliousness against his Austrian parent*

(vii) Oexttfiny as a substitute Motber*

In View of the press rejection stiffered in childhood,
it is likely and nluch evidenee fifr thi^s hypothesis
will be presented later *•» that Gertoany represented
a kind of foster parent. It is even possible that
Hitler as a child entertained a foster parent fantasy*

* 180

He speaks of l^eiifig BayaJPian by bloody a 8tat6iiioat..f or
which there is no knoim justiflcatloo^ This point will
be fully discussed later in describing his devotions
to Germany's cause In 1918, the hour of her deepest
humiliation. In many places ^tler speaks of Qermany
In words that one might use in speaking of a beloved
woman;

(vii -> 1) 4. .the longing grew
stronger to go there (Germany) where
since my early youth I had been drawh
by secret wisnes and secret love,
(H.K. 151). *

(vii * 2) What I first bad
looked upon as an impassable chasm
now spurred me on to a greater love
for my country than ever before'.
(M.-K. 55) •

(vii - 3) Heiden, quoting
from Hitler: The hundreds of thou-,
sands who love their country more
than anything else must also be
loved by the-i.r country more than
anything else.

(vii - 4) J appeal to those
who, severed from the motherland,
have to' fight for the holy treasure
of their language.. .dnd who now in
painful emotion long for the hour
that will allow them to return to
the a^s of the beloved mother.
(M.K. 161) •

The common expres.sion for German? is Fatherland,
but Hitler very often subis^titutes Motherland, He
speaks of "tbe common motherland," •Ithe great German

121.-

motherland,** "the Oermen mother of all life".
This Is not unnatural^ since .he, once a very de-
pendent adolescent, was left penniless and unbe-
friended after the death of his mother. We are .
not sxirprised, therefore, to /ind him speaking of
being removed "from the emptiness of an easy life,
that it took the milksop out of his downy nest and
gave him Dame 3orrow for.a f^Ater mother" and
speaking also of the time "when the Goddess of
Misery took me into her axw". It is reported
that he was mothered by several older l&diss iii
his early Munich days ahd seemed to find comfort
in such relationships. In 1920, for example, he
fo^lnd a sort of home with Frau Hoff^h. He alleys
had to send her, according to Hqiden, hia latest
portrait, on iriiich he would write, for <dxample:
"To my dea^j faithful little Mother, Christmas,
1925, from her respectful Adolf Hitler,"

- 122 -

^£!PWDUC£!D- AT mTimAL A^CmVjSS

B. VIENMA EAY3
1908 r 1913

The* chief facts pertinent to the present analysla
are these:

1* Elara Hitler was operated on for cancer of
the breast In the early simimer of 1907. On December
21,- 1907, she died... Two months before her death, ■.
Adolf Hitler went to Vienna and was examined by the
Academy School of Art. He failed* He moved to.
Vienna in the winter of 1906, and the following
October presented himself again at the Academy. But
the drawings he brought as illustrations of his work
were considered so lacking in talent that he was not
allowed to take the- examination. He was told he
would make a better architect than painter, though
he himself reports that he was a better colorist
than draftsman.

2. Some accoiint of these years has been given
us by Hanisch, a "bimi" from Bohemi^ who befriended
him. They were fellow members of the same hostel,
or flophouse. The first thing Hitler said to Hanisch
sounds like a projection of (1) press Rejection and
(2) press Aggression. He said (1) his landlady had
dispossessed him and now he was without shelter, and

(

(2) hjs had begged a dinuiken ra^tn for a few pennies
but the latter had raised his cane and Insulted
him. Hitler was very bitter ab6ut this.

S. Hitler wora a. beard dtiring this period and
in his long overcoat looked very ntuch like a certain
type of Oriental Jew not uncommon in Vienna. Hitler
had a number of Jewish acqiiaintances and sold post*
cards that he painted to Jewish dealers. There was
no evidence during these first years of any hostility
to Jews* Only later, after he had listened excitedly
to the speeches of the anti-Semitic mayoi^, Lueger,
did he become an avowed, and somewhat later k fanatical,
Anti-Semite himself.

*

4. Hitler was exceedingly la2y and procrastlhating
in doing his little water colors during these days.

He was much more interested in haranguing the other
inmates of the hostel on the subject of politics.
Already he had vague notions of founding a party.

5. Hc devoted some time to thinking lip little
devices for making money through trickery. According
to one Inf otnnant, his name is in the Vienna police
records as haivifig: been accused of theft, and it is
suggested that his departure for Mtmich in 1913 wa^
prompted by a desire to avoid serving a term in Jail*

- 124 -

6. Hitler's friendship with Hanisch came to

an abrupt end when he accused the latter of stealing
money from him. This has the flavor of a typical
Hitlerian projection.

7. Ifenisch reports that Hitler's love for
Germany and his hate for Austria were vociferously
expressed on all occasions during these years.

8. Hitler was shocked l>y what he saw of sexual
practices i^^ Vienna. Hanisch speaks of his having

a purity complex.

9. According to one informant. Hitler is down in
the police records of Vienna as sex pervert.

10. In 1913, Hitler left Vienna and entered the
country of which he had long yearned to be a citizen.
He became a resident of Munich.

11. The press of Rejection is -perhaps ths out-
standing feature of the. Vienna period. There was in
the first place the rejection by the Academy of Arts,
which Hitler felt was based on his inadeqtiate education.
This left a resentment against intellecfuala generally
which was never stilled. . The following excerpt sums

up his Obnclusions on this point.

* 125 -r

^fiPWDucsD AT rm mnoi/AL A^cmv^s ■

(I) . Generally, It is the chlldx^n of
hl^er place,, momentarily well-to»do parejats
who, in ttim are deemed worthy of a' higher

•education. Hereby questions of talent play
a subordinate rdle.

Many Other, passages speak eloquently of instllts

to his pride received at the hands of the privileged

world of the gay capital.

(i) ...the ^aciously patronizing attitudes
of a certain part of the fashionable world
ft>oth in skirts and trousers) whose *sympathy
for the people* is at times as haughty as it *
is obtrusive and tactless.

(II) Vienna, the city that to so many
represents the idea of harmless gaiety, the
festive place for merrymaking, is to me the
only living memory of the most miserable time
of my life .

12. ffiltler ipent five years in Vienna. . Living
as he was, penniless among the penniless of the lower
class, he himself experienced, and he was in close
touch with others who experienced, the basic wants
and Viewpoints of the depressed victims of civlliza-
tion. Here, certainly > ires much food for thought.
Be also attended sessions of parliament and numerous
political mass meetings, and observed the proceedings.
otltl6ttlly. From the start he was constantly- pre* .
occupied with the question; why does this political
movement fail and that^ one succeed? It was natural
for him to think realistically, and. strategically; not

- 126 -

to make the common mistake of supposing man to be
better than he Is, and yet taking full accoiint of
his heroic potentialities, having observed that
millions of simple untutored men will gladly fight and
sacrifice their lives for an- ideal vividly presented.
Xn addition. Hitler spent many hours in the public
library looking ov^r histories and books dealing with
social questions. MEIN KAHPF proves that the young
man from Linz who could not get throtigh ^gh School
was capable of profiting by what he saw and read, and
that these five years of drifting and Irregular em-
ployment were by no means wasted. The flophotise and
the beer hall were his Heidelberg and University of
Vienna!. He writes; i

(I) So in a few years I built a foiindation
of knowledge from which I still draw noiirish-
ment today. (M.K. 29).

(II) At that time I formed an image of
the world and a view of life which became the
granite foundation for my actions. (M.K. 30).

.13. For the Vienna period the critical question

psychologically is this: why did Hitler, living among

the proletariat, find. the developed ideology of communism

repellent and the embryonic ideology of fascism appealing?

The chief determinants of his choik^e, as they occ\ir to

me are these:

- 127 -

(1) Mtler's father belonged to the lower
ndddle class . Eiavlng moved one rung up the ladder by
yecirs of effort^ his pride compelled- him to draw a
sharp. line between himself and those below him. No
one has stated this principle of behavior better than
his eon ;

(i - 1) The reason for that
which one could almost call 'hostility*
is the fact that a social class, which
has only recently worked its way up
from the level of manual labor, fears
to fall back into the old, but little
esteemed, class, or at least fears be-
ing counted in with that class. In
addition, many remember with disgust
the misery existing in the lower class;
the frequent brutality of their daily
social contacts; their own position in
society, however small it siay be, makes
every contact with the state of life
and culture, which they in turn have
left behind, unbearable.

This explains why members of
the higher social cla^s can frequently
lower themselves to the humblest of
their fellow beings with less embarrass«>
ment than seems possible to the 'upstarts*.

For an upistart is anyone who,
throxigh his own energy, works his way
up from his previous social position to
a higher one.

Finally, this relentless _struggle
kills all pity . One >s own painful
acramble for existence suffocates the
feelingdf sympathy foj* thd misery of
those» left behind* (M.K. 31-32} •

- 128 -

Brought up ty such a father. It was natural for

Adolf Mtler to envy and admire hla social superiors .

and look with contempt upon those of a lower station.

As the American editors of HEIN KAMFF have put it,

(11) Hitler, conscious of belonging
to a higher social caste than his fellow-
workers. • •instinctively retreats from the
idea of accepting solidarity with them.
(M.K. 56).

(ill) Hitler had already been identified
for some years with the German Nationalist movement
and so his unit of insociation (group identification
and belonglngness) was greatly threatened by the com-
munists 'unit of insociation, the manual workers of
the world. -The former would lead logically to a
war between nations, the latter to a war between
classes. Communism was the greatest enemy of nation-
alism.

,(iv) Parallel to his naturalistic senti-
ments was Hitler's enthusiasm for the military, a
professional class which is antipathetic to
communists generally. The former finds its goal in
Power and Glory; the latter in Peace and Prosperity.

(v) Hitler had great reverence for the
strong and contempt for' the weak and therefore
favored a stratified social system, a dictatorship

- 129 -

^spWDcrceD Arms mnoMAL A^cmvES . '

of the elite. There was no compassion In his make-
up; he had little sympathy for the tinder-dog. His
Ideology ivas founded on the rise to power of natiire
supermen involving relationships of dominance and
submission among men. Communism was f otinded on the
notion of equality. •

- 130 -
0. WAR EXPERIENCES

«

1914 - 1913

The record of these yearo la conflict ding, but the
. following points are probably true and pertinent to
. our theme •

1. In enlisting in the Army, Hitler became incor-
porated for the first time. Never before had he been
an accepted membar of a respected institution. This
was not only a great relief to him, enabling him to
forget the long series of past failures, but it pro^
vlded a ground for^prlde and a sense of secxirity. At
• last he and the German nation were one.

Z* There Is no evidence that Hitler was ever
. in a front line trench. It seems that he served as .
a messenger and was required to traverse ground
that was being shelled by the enemy. Hitler, It
appears, was quicli: to offer himself for dangerous
tasks of this kind and was said to be an adept at
running and then falling or seeking shelter behind
som^ obstacle when the fire became intense. In this
he showed courage. There is no record, however, in
the War Department of any episode such as hae been
described in connection with his winning the Iron

«

Cross, First Orders Apparently he was awarded this

. 131 -

medal aft«i> he had left the Front « supposedly
gassed in one .of the last off enslaved of the Allies.

S» Informants have commented on Hitler's marked
subsenrieliee to the iltaperlor offioers, offering to
do their imshlng and perform other menial tasks,
eo\artlng their good graces to such an extent that
his conrades iiere disgwsted.

4» mitler THS the only man .in his company
never to receive any mail or package's from home, and
at ChlPistmas and other occasions when the others
were receiving gifts and messages he sulked moodily
by himself* Here is another inatance of press re-
Jection^ . ^ . . -

5. It is hard to explain the fact that in
four years of service he was not promoted above the
rank of coirpbral. The comment by one of his officers
that he. was a netUROtic fellow is the only explana-
tion that' has been advanced* *.

6. It seems cejH:aln that Mtler was not gassed
to any serious extent in 191£f^ but that he suffered
frcmi a war neui^osis, hysterical blindness, which
also deprived him of his voice and perhaps his
hearing. This psychosomatic illness was concomitant
with the final defeat of his Mother Germany, and it

Y - 132 -

■ f

I

was after haaritig'the news of her capitulation ■ tha'
he had his vlalcn^of his task, as savior. Suddenly
his sight vs'ss restored.

Hitler with fellow patients
at Paaewalk, 1918

7. In 1918 Hitler, the soldier, became very
disturbed at the surprising sv^cC^ss of Allied propa-
ganda and then occurred a' reaction that v/as typical
of hla '.vhole character, namely, to admire and then
to acquire the technique povferful opponent.

(i) v;e had a chance to he come acquainted
Mvith the 'incredible disciplines of our opponen
propaganda, and still today it is my pride to
have found the means .for beating finally its
'■• very makers. Tv^o years later I -was master in
this <iJi:aft.

, - 133 -

D. POST-WAR HISTORY
1919 -

From 1919 to the present Hitler* a doings are
leas obscure then for the periods so far reviewed.
A grefit many of the facts are a loatter of coimnon
knowledge and we will not review them in this sec-
tion here. A few pointa^ however, are worthy of
being highlight«>a «

1* For a year or two after his release from
the military hospital, ^tler was more or less fQot-
loo80» stray dog looking for a master,** according
to one informant'. TJhdoubtedly there were more
instances of press, rejection to embitter him.

2. He was still a member of the Reichswehr

•J

when his superior officer,- discovering his ability
in public speaking, assigned him the task of indpctrinat
ing the soldiers with the desired ideology. Later
he was askad to speak to a civilian group. This
success encouraged him to go further and enter politics
for life* Hitler* 8 realization that he had the power
to sway large masses of people was the second crucial
factor, next to his j*evelation in the hospital while
blind, in determining his cai*eer. HL^ phenomenal
success hingiQ^d Oh his mass-rpueing talent.

- 1S4 -

3. After hearing Fedar spaak^ Hitler was prompted
to Join a slball group that called Itself the National
Socialist Workers Party. Within a year he was Its
moving .spirit and £(ole leader, and it might fairly
be said that he was its creator as it now exists,
the difference batreen its status before he joined
and soon afterwards being so great.

No doubt- Hi tlbr had been making speeches In

fantasy since his boyhood and had done a good deal

of informal harangcdng throughout . this whole period,

first as the adolescent ringleader of the young

Nationalists at school, second as a ham politician

among tl^e derelicts of the Vienna slums, and third

as a corporal behind the lines, but his sudden emergence

as a spiritual force during the period 1921 - 1923

brought him into a much magnified sphere of activity

which was qualitatively different, A selection

from I£EXN EAMPF, which is unquestionably autobiographical

in reference, might be quoted here as a hint of how

the transformation was apperoeived by him;

In the monotony of everyday life even
important people often seem unimportant and they
hardly stand out over the average of their
surroundings; but as soon as they are faced
by a situation in which others would despair
or go wrong, out of" the plain average child
the ingenious, nature grows visibly, not in-
frequently to the. astonishment of all those who

• .135 ^

hitherto had ah opporttinlty to observe hlxn,
who had meanwhile grown up In the smallneisa ot

. bourgeola life, aha therefore. In eonaequenoe
of thi8~proceaa« the prophet has rarely any .
honor in his own oountry. Never Is there a
better opportunity to observe this than during
war.' In the hours of distress, when others
despair, out of apparently harmless children,
there lihoot suddenly hero<rs of death-defying
determination and icy coolness of reflection.
If this hour of trial had never come, then
hardly anyone would ever have been able to
guess that a young hero is hidden in the beard* '
le^s boy. Nearly always such an Impetus is
needed in order to cAll genius into action.
Patens hammer stroke; which then throws the one

' to the ground^ suddenly strikes steel in
another> and while now the shell of everyday
life is broken, the erstwhile nucleus lies
open to the dyes of the astonished world.
(K.K. 402-5) .

4*. It seems clear that it was (1) the defeat of
Germany and (2) the opposition against which he had
to strive that acted as instigators to his behavior
frott then on, irtxloh became more and more aggressively
dominant. The idea of being a revolutionary was a
necessary impetus to action.

€

We National 3oclali8ts know that with
this opinltai we stand as revolutionaries in
• the world of today, and that we are branded as
^ such. But our thinking and acting must not ^
be dete:cinined by the applause or the rejection
of our time.t (M.K. 595-6).

5. Hitler was chiefly attracted during these
early years to a homosexual, Ernst Boehm, a superior
officer with an upperciass background. The physical

- X36 -

strength and social assurance of Roehm were much
dnvled and, to haye the political backing of aueh a
figure, gave Hitler a sense of security.

6. Up to the famous Munich Putsch, 1923, Hitler
was conspicuous in his worship of and flattering
subservience to ranking officer^ in the Army, especially
in the^e days. In his relations with General Ludendorff ,
but from 191S4 on, although he never entirely lost a
certain .embarrassment in the presence of hip former
superiors, there was a change from abasement to
dominance and eveii arrogance in dealing with aristocrats
and war lords.

7. The chief points in his political program
were these:

(a) wiping the Versailles Treaty off the
books,

(b) denial of war guilt,

(c) resurrection of Qermany as a military
power of the first order,

(d) . militaristic expansion, dominated by

the motive of revepge against the
Allies, and

(e) Anti-Semitism. Soon afterwarda

(f ) the purification of the German people
by a variety of hygienic measures was
added as an essential aim or policy.

- 157 -

8. During the years from 1923 and 1933, Hitler's
emotional outlmrsts, his tanti*vtos of rage and indigna-
tion, his spells >of ivedping and threats of self-
annihilation increased In freiiuency and intensity.
This can be partly accounted for by the faot tdiat
they were effective in bringing his associates
around to his point of view... Instead of antsgonizing
the group of revolutionists who with hita were plotting

to usurp power, these frightful orgies of passion

...

served to intimidate them. Everyone sought to
avoid topics that would bring about the fits.

9. Among the reasons^ given in extenuation of
the cold-blooded purge of 1934 were (a) that the
victims were disgusting homose^cuals and (b) that
they were plotting to snatch the power and supersede
him.

10. siaring the last twenty years, rumors have
periodically arisen and spread to the effect that
Bitler was enamoured of this or that young woman;
most of these were either fabricated for one reason
or another or premature, since the appeal that cer-
tain women, of the stage particularly, had for Hitler
was generally short-lived. The one, affair that
stands out is that with a nineteen- year- old Angela

- 158 -

(Ooll) Raubal, hlA nletie.- Mtler irAa oft«n in h«r
company and was pathologloaliy JeaXoutf of any attan-
tlons shiown her by other men. .Two informantf haira
stated positively that Hitler murdered the girl,
but the official import was suicide. Whichever story
is correct, however, we gain the impression of a .
pectiiiar and stormy relationship. Rcmors^ have it
that Hitler's S(0xtml life, such as it is, demands
a uni(|ue performance on the part of the women, the
exact hatuX'e of lAiich is % state seei^et.

11* A grest deal ba^ b^en made in Germany of
Hitler's aaceticisiii, but this, trtien you, .eqoe down
to it, amounts to a vegetarian diet, served, hia by
the best chef in' the Belch, and a groat variaty pf
soft drihks in place of hard liquor* It is said
that he did not permanently c^ve up meat until after
the death of his niece Oeli «

A. EGO, SUFEREOO, AND ID

1, Bgo

According to the critariA we are acouetomed
to uae In meaaurlng ego strength and structure,
' Hitler's ego Is surprisingly weiak* Here we are
of course using the tern ego to apply to an Institu-
tlcn of the personality (net to narelsBlra, or self-
esteeai). Hitler is conspicuously low in the following
powers :

M Deficient at)ility to cgganize and
coordinate . his efforts* ^

(i) During Ms boyhood; isspecially
at the time he was living as an indulged youngster
in his Slather's apartment, Hitleip*i» adtivititfs :were
markedly irregular and aimless. He Wbs unable to
^PP^-y himself except when his impulse prompted him
to do so»

(ii) Banisch reports that in Vienna
Hitler was never an- .ardent worker^ was. unable to
get up in the morning, had dif fiouXty in - getting
started, suffered from paralysis of the will* He
alvrayd stopped .work the moment he had eanied a little
money, explaining that "he must have some lieeure, he
was not a coolie".

(111) According to Hauachnln^, "He
does not know how to work ateadlly. Indeed, he la
Incapable of working. Be gets Ideas, Impulses, the
realization of which oiust bo feverishly achlevod.
and Immediately got rid. of w fito does not know what
It Is to -work continuously. Everything about him
Is 'spasm 1^ to use a favorite word of hla.

(Iv) . Although Hitler prescrltMs
disciplined order of work for those about hliB> ha '
hlx&self lives like an artist or Bohemian. Ms habits
ax>e a9 erratic and Irregular as his temper. He may
go to bed at eleven P*M«' or fou|r A.M., getting up
at seven or at noon; He Is rarely punctual.

(v) According to Rauschning again;
"Hitler se erne a man of tremendous will power, but •
the appearance is deceptive. He la languid «thd '
apathetic by nature, and needs the stimulus of
nervous excitement to rouse him out of chronic lethargy
to. spasmodic activity,.." -

(b) Deficient ability to reaolvtf conflict^. -
Hitler ha a always sufferecf from periods «f indecisive-
ness and mental confusion that incapacitate Isdm to
the. extent of > being unable to.- make any. deoision or
come to any conclusion. Then. quite suddenly his •

inner voice will epe&k, but as. a rul^, not tintil
the situation has becoiQe tbreatdningw As Roehm says,
"TJsuallj he solves suddenly, at the ,very last moment,
only becatise he ' vaoillate-s . and procrastinates."

(c) Deficient ability to control eao ttori « ^
His tantrums have been often :described> anq even
thought it' be admitted that Hitler ; has.. :a capacity
to turn them on and off as. he -sees ; fit, stilly such
tinmanly display of infantile- intoleraaee to frustra-^
tipn, of * tears and shrieks, is entirely out of \
keeping with his own ideal of -the Jron Supermensch.

(i) Rausehning: f'My own experience of
him and what I have learned from others indicate a
lack of cpntrol amounting to total demoralization."

(d) Deficient o bjectivity , - iiatstort ion of
human behavior and social events .by .frequent projec-
tions giving rise to deluaims of^ all. sorts. '

(e) Dis junctjvity of thoug^ht and ,sj>6e6h .-'
All, of Hitler's writings' and reported speeches
exhibit a disorganization of ideas- \^nd verbal >ex'«>
pression which at times vergea on the. pathological.

(f ) Insight deficiency » * Hitler has never
shown any capacity to perceive or admit, his errors
and defects. Part of this, i.s a ;Conscious detennina-^
tion tQ follow the policy of denying them, this
being considered by him politically expedient.

- 142 -

(g) inability to keep hi a word and fyxlt^Xl

o.bllgatlona .

(i) It haa bean a^id. that "Hitler dla-
» ■ ' '

cards vitb perfect eaae everything that a moment

before haa paaaed aa a fixed principle.. . Hia political

attitude is characterized by two things: first, an

unbelievable capacity to tell falsehood, end second,

a quite diaarming naivete, a tot^l innocence- of

promises and aaaertions.made only a moment before."

* . . ■ ■ .

(h) In contrast to these aigfts .of weakness <
Hitler is high, sometimes very high, on the folldwihg

criteria :

(1) ^ power to do what he wants to. do and
has the capacity to do,

• (11) counteractive restrivlng/

(ill) power to resist undesirable coerfiona
from society,

(iv) power to resist dictatorship of t»oh-
, ventional auperego, ' '

(v) inltiatlva and aelf- sufficiency,

(vi) ability to take responsibility and
^ effectively direct others,

/ ■ ',

(vii) long apperceptive span (taking account
of a distant future in making decialons.

(i) The situation may be briefly formulated
by stating' that Hitler 6pera tea on thalamic energy
rather thsn on conscious will and rati opal planning. -
Possessed by fanatical passion he can accompliah
things, which those who act on cooler and more moderate

plan fail to eohlava* feire6^ In oth»r wofda,
oooraa f^oni the Id, and the ago la uaad in ita -aaiv
vica. Thia c(»DbiBation ia- tn>ioal of the gBtnggtar;
Imt BL'tlar ia diffaivnt fitott tha ordinary type,,
having aoma of ths attritn^taa of the romantic artiat.
Ha in a ^sonpaund, aay, «f Lord ByTan and Al .Capona.

2. Id

Dhdar the term id I am including all unoonseioua

paychio proceaaea — • principally affective and

conativa proeeaeaa which emerge aiiddenly without

voluntary effort and taka posaeaaion of the ego Imt

alao uneonacioua intellective proceasee resiilting in

auddan judgBMnta and daeiaiona* Such prooeaeea are

an important part of every man*a .payehology« It .ia

only vhen they play an unuaually dominant r6le in

deten&ining action that wa atreaa them« They are

eapaoiall^ prominent in the intuitive type. Hitler

heing. one of theae. Qitler'a sentimenta it^ tbia

regard eonfotii^ to hia behavior* .

(i.) W*: muat diatruit the intelligence
and the conacience and mtist place our truat
in tfur ixJtatincta* We have to regain a new
aijttplioity. (Quoted by Ra'uachning) •

(ii) • ••Qver-educated people, stuffed
with Icnowlad^a and iiiteildct^ but bare of any
aound ihiltinota » • •

- 144 -

(111) •••Of deeondary ImpOftdnQa la
the training of mental aMllties. (H.K* 91S).

Hitler's basic assumption, as Max Lem6Z> potnti '■

out, Is that there are no logical categories ih the

perception of values but only an Ihtultlonlsm. that

Is Its own principle and Its own Jus tlf;. call on. He

functions. In other words, as does a creative artist,

which Is unustial In one who chooses politics as his

field. . It Id his dependence on involuntary processes

that gives rlBe- to his Inability to make decisions

about a hundred arid one little matt^ii^fl that com^

to him In the rCutlne of hid dally occupation* He

must wal^i upon the spirit-. .

, (Iv) Itt the .subconscious the work
goes on. It matures, sometimes It dleis.
UnlesjB I haNra the inner Incorruptible con-
viction: this la the solution, I do nothing. '
Not even If the whole party : tried to drive me
to action. I will hot act; I will wait, ho
matter what happens. But if the voice speaks
then I know the tlnie has pome to act. (Quoted '
froffli Rauschning)* '

Many ac<iil9lntan00s have remarked on Hitler^ a
perlodB of abstraction 4ndr«very. He "spent his
time building castles in the' air**, Haniach reports.
"I had the lmpresai!o<n> ** writea RausChnihg, .'^that he
was not llstenihg». this thoughtfi tr^re fs^r away^"
Another Informant, Roberta, believes that Hitler,

- 145-

urapped.up in his dream world, is unairare of a lar|^

part of the practical activities and even brutalities

ot, his party. Bis movements would be . impossibly

without the 'continued eo'dperation of men Xike Ooebbels,

Goering, and Blamler. Because of the tz^emendpus

downward piill of uneonacious processes Hitler must

often pvlLI himself up by the bootstraps, as i.t were,

to meet an emergency.

■ (v) I go with the certainty

and security of a somnambulist*

Among j^d processes' we should stress . particularly .

thatjlynamic pattern of energy bolted up in hliii.

which we call the unity and orienting themas. This

compound of motivations, which amounts to a monomaniacal

idea^ will be fully described later. It is a rigid,

fanatical, and indurable reservoir 6f the thalamit)

energies which, on release,, have two or threa times

the potency that a normal mAh brings to bear upon any

one reasonable object* The ego is in collaboration

with this unconscious ccmpl«x,< operates' in its service,

and can, within limits, call it into play or check

it momentarily. On appropriate ocoasions, indeed.

Hitler makes, good use of his capacity to be possessed

by the oonpiex. He dramatizes it, whips it- up, and

intoxicated by the words that pour out of his mouth,

deliriously gives vent to his passion.

Also characteristic of one wbo so readily ae^ialesoes
to the deml^tucge is Hitler's superstltlousneaa, his
feeling, that he is ah object of divine protection »
his tendency to interpret striking events as signs
or omens of success or. failure. Like many a religious
leader he is said to hear voices and see spirits.
Here we would compare him to Joseph Smith, the founder .
of Hormonism, the chief difference being that Smith's
voices gavd him permission to free the sex instinct^
whereas Hitler's voices ^ncbursige brutality and
destruction,- Hitler also baars compiirison to Mary
Baker Eddy .

li Hysteroid Peraonality * ^ It is felear from
what has ^e en said that Hitler has mnlfes ted many
features' of the hysteroid type of make-up.- Besides
the definitely recorded hysterical attack of blindness

* »

and aphonia (in 1916), there are his paroxysms of
emotion, his hallucinations, coming out of nightmares,
his sudden revelatioria and hearing of inner voices,
and the periods of day-dreaming and abstraction, all
of which are reminiscent of hysterics, inspired and '
uninspired, of which the history of religion furnishes
so many striking examples. Here he might be likened,
perl:»ps, to Joan of Arc .

- 147 -

mpWDuc^D Arms mmisrAL Mcmvss

. is* Sehigophrerilc Features It will be made<
clear ad we go on that Bltler is possessed by a
coiQ>lete senl-deluslonal system characteristic of
paranoid schicophrenia . Beside this, many of the
synptoas irtiich haye-been listed in the previous
paragraph under hysterdid personality are also
typical of schizoid states* . The enormous banked^up
hate and revengefulness' in the man and the acts of
cruelty iriiich he is able to execute apparently with*
out the normal recriminations of. conscience are also
symptomatic of schizophrenia.

AlthoTigh it might be said that Hitler is an
hysteric on the verge of schizophrenia, and this
may be truer today than it was a while ago, still
it must be acknovtedged that conditions in Oerm^ny
have been such and the man's suceeds in imposing his
deliisional system on his fellow countrymen has been
so. phenomenal that he has remained within the
boundaries of technical sanity*

5. superego

It^- fsems oleary that Hitler is not en amoral
brute like Qoering or the majority of his followers,
that is to say, his close ^f ollowers* ■ He has a super-
ego but It is Impressed, tbe mechanisms of the ego

- W8 -

being set up against its interference. The con»

ditions that usually prevail might be described aa

an alliance between the egc and the instinctual

forces of the id against the dictates of the super^

ego. A great deal of endppsychic energy is wrapped

up in this effort to repress and deny the superego

and the guilt feellxigs that it gives rise to. Its

activity, however, can be judged by (1) th6 vehemence

of his affirmations of brutality (and thus his denial

of conscience), (2) the justifications that he feels

called upon to give when his actions are particularly

repellant to the conscience of. his world, and (3)

certain ajFmptons that are generally recognizable as

indications of unconscious superego activity.

Surely Hitler is speaking of himself as well

as of others when he writes;

(1) Only when the time comes when the
race is no longer overshadowed by the. conscious-
ness of its own guilt, then it will find Internal
peace and external energy to cut down regard<»
lessly and brutally the wild shoots, and to
pull up the weeds.

That Hitler sees himself as the destroyer of an
antiquated Hebraic Christian superego is shown by many

passages :

(tl) I am freeing men from the restraints
of an Intelligence that has taken charge; from
the dirty and degrading modlf ieatibns of a

- X49 -

mpWDuc^D Ar memrfON'AL Akcmvss

chimera called ebnsclence end morality,
. and from the demands or a freedom and
personal independence irhleh only a very
few can bear*

(B(l) We mast be ruthless-. We must
regain our clear conscience as to ruthlessmess.
Only thua shall we purge ^ur people of
their softness and sentimental Philistinism>
and their degenerate delight in beer- swilling.

(iv) I recognise no moral law in
polities*

(v) Conscience is a Jewish invention.
It is a blemish like circumcision. .

Obviously Hitler is posing here as the Nietzschean

Anti^Christ who is going to create a new superego

for mankind, the exact antithesis of that which. has

prevailed since the establii^hment of Christianity.

This pose, however, is for the benefit of his close •

followers such as Rauschning, who has recorded the

above assertions.' "Moral commonplaces," he affirms,

"are' indispensible for the masses. Nothing is

more mistaken than for a politician to pose as a

non>moral superman." The tenor of many of Hitler's

public speeches, however, prcws that he has not

entirely oonquored hia superego, acquired d\aring

early yeara under the influence of his pious mother,

' ** * * - , ' *

the Catholic monastery at Lambach, and. his teachers
at school. 'The following may be taken a^ examples
of an unquiet conapience:

- 150 -

(vl) It (storm Troop) did not want •
to establish violence as Its aim, but It
wanted to protect the messengers of the
spiritual aim figainst oppression by violence.
(K.K. 79Q).

(vil) However, I did not wish to
carry out. my purposes by force. Instead I
did my utmost to aceoniplish my piarpose by
perstiaslon alone.

(vill) It never has been my In-
tention to wage wars, but rather to build. ••
(M.N.O. 836). '

(Ix)' I forbade the sacrifice of
more human lives than was absolutely
hdcessary. (Speaking of the war with
Poland. M.N.O. 7^3). . . "

There ls.no question that Hitler succeeds in
repressing his .superego most of the time* ..He has
consoi.oua.ly and openly Qommitted most of the crimes
on ,the calendar, so much so that the diagnpsis
"psychopathic personality" or ."moral imbecile" seems
almost justified; however, there are many indica-
tions that a superego of sorts operates unconsciously.
After the bloody purge of 1934, for example, it is
said that he was not able to sleep quietly for we^ks.
At night he prowled restlessly up and down. His
(^preaslons and feazftcL nightmares can be explained
in part" as resultants of disquieting guilt feelings.
Also to be included in this category are his frequent
thoughts of suicide. These are often avowed, to be

* 151 -

Bva*9, wi^h thd purpoatt of. ittpjraaslng hid close follbw-
erSj but they are alao In conformity with an tmcohaoioua
tendency. According to our hypotheaia, in fact, we
wo\ild attribute a good many Of Mtler'a later acta of
aggreaaion to hia auperego. They are crinetf ti3
appeaae conaeienee. Bavihi; once atarted da .4 career
of brutality, he cap ^^^^^ pairt of a bdd

cohaciehce by fading on with ever pyeater ruthleaaneaa
to " aohieye ' auoceaaea , and ' ab to ' demohatrate to • him-
aelf and 6 there that Ood approves of him and hia
methoda. This dynaadsm^ however, can work only in
ao far Aa hia 'iggreasions are aucceasful; that ia,
only good fortune can prove that eonacience (anticipa-
tory anxiety) waa wrong -x^ there was nothing to be
afjraid of after all. Failure will undoubtedly be
followed by gxiilt feelings.

Further evidences of superego activity can be
found in the charaotisr pf the' projections so comon
in ■Bitler>*s speeches and writinga, as we shall now
show. .

; - 152 -

4. Bgo Defense Mechaplama ! Projection
6y fiEir the mocit common fona of defenae mecbanian
in Hitler's personality la that of proJe(^tlon. This
worka In the aervlpa of aeXfo^eateem, In blinding him
both to hia gulltineaa and to hla Inferiority. There
is no record of any caae in which tbia. proceaa la
used, ao often and ao Ihtenaely. It operates ao
promptly and conalatently. Indeed, that by payihg '
close attention to the objecta that mtler acoma
and> cbndemna one gets a fairly accurate and crompre-
henaive view of hia own Id. Bis caae la rather un-
usual in that he haa consoioixBly adopted and
furthered what waa once ho doubt a purely unconadoua
mechanlam* For example, he aaya, "As aoon aa by one*
Oim propaganda even a glimpse of right on the other
aide is adm|)tted the cauae for doubting of one 'a own
right la laid." The neceaaary: corollary to this
proposition would bC: Aa aoon aa one 'a 6wn wrong
is admitted, the cauae for doubting the wrong of
one^ opponent- la laid. He alao haa enough toow-
ledge to realize that accusationa are evidencea of
guilt, for he. aays, "If they now say that thla la the
signal that Germany now wanta to attack the entire
world, I do not. believe that this la meant seriously:

- 153 ^

such eott|d ooly^ be the expraasion of a bad oonaeianea*

a rantaricabla atateniisnt to be made by the world* a.
greatest projector.

Tw9 or three llluatratlona would aufflce to make
plain the nature of Hltler*8 projeetlona, but they
represent auoh'unlque descriptions of himself that a
larger collection of examplea will be. of interest to
payehologiats*

(i) In Vienna, Hanisch tells iis. Hitler
wore a long coat given him by a Jewish friend, "an
incredibly greasy derby oh the back of his head.
His hair was long and tangled, and he grew a beard
on hia chin such as we Christians seldom have, though
one is not uncommon in*. .the Jewish ^ettbs.. .Hitler,
at that time looked very' Jewish, so that I often
joked with him that he niust-be of Jewiah blood,
since 8u6h a large beard raMly grows on a Christian*
chin." •

Compare thia to Hitler '.a account of the firat
conspicuously Jewish peraon he met in Vienna. "I
suddenly came upon a being clad in a long caftan,
with black curia. Is this also a Jew? was py first
thou^t." Then he goes on to list the repellent
traits of the Jew: "Later the smell of these caftan

- 154 -

wearers often made me 111. Added to this was their
dirty clothes and their none too heroic appearance*"
Recalling Hi tier *s immorality at school and the fact
that he is down (according to one informant) in the
Vienna police records as a sex pervert, the following
statement is pertinent: "Aside from the physical
uncleanlinessy it was repelling suddenly to discover
the lAoral blemishes of the chosen people,"

(ii) Hitler was charged with theft in
Vienna, according to one informant, and yet Hitler
broke off his friendship with Banish by wrongfully
accusing him of having misappropriated a water color
of his worth fifty Kronen.

(iii) in ^aily iife Hitler oscillates

between extreme energy and utter liatlessness, and yet

Hitler: "All passivity, all
inertia •••is senseless, inimical to
life."

(iv) Hitler has never admitted to being

wrong. According t.o the Nazi creed. Hitler is always

right, and yet , '

Hitler: "These Impudent ras6als
(intellectuals) who always know every-
thing better than anybody else.**."

"The intellect has grown autocratic,
and has become a disease 6f life."

J. ' - 155 -

(v) Hltle'v has often affirmed that be was
governed by InatlAct and inttiitlon rather than by
reason*

Hitler: "The people,. .ftra so
so feminine in their nature and '
attitude that their activities and
thoughts are motivated less by sober .
eonslderations than by feeling and
sentiment,** .

(vl) Roehm has said; i^He doesn't even

seem to be aware how dishonest he is . ** ' By how the

whole world agrees that' Hitler Is a monume;ital liar*

Hitler: "What a race (Jews):
As such they have been nailed down
forever* • .the great masters of lying***'

(vll) Hitler has a way of -Staring at people

as If he were attempting to hypnotize them.

Hitler « **They*. .tried to pisrcei
me even with their eyes* Innumerable
faces were turned toward me with
kullen hatred***

(viil) Hitler's favorite entertainment

is to witness private performances of . naked dancing.

Hitler: '*Chlcherin and with
him a staff of over two hundred Soviet
jewa •"'Visits the cabarets, watches
naked. dancers perform for his pleasure, *«"

(Ix) Below I have listed a miscellany

of Hitler* s statements which are more accurate as

descriptions, of himself than they are of others'.

156 -

ia . In such hours I had
sad forebodings and was filled with
a depressing, fear, t was faced by
a doctrine Tsoci^l Democrats) consisting
of egoism and hatred; it could be
vlctorlous> following mathenaticaX
laws, but at the same tlite It could
bring about the end of mankind.

f

b« Social Democracy.., directs
a bombardment of lies and calxucnies
towards the adversiary who seemed most
dangerous, till finally the nerves of
those who had been attacked give out .
and they, for the isake of peace , bow
down to the hated enemy.

. 0. They (opponents at Nazi
, meetings) resembled a powder keg that
might blow up at any moment^ and to
which the burning fuse has been attached*

d« -For his (the Jew's) entire
activity is unrestricted. by moral obliga-
tions*

ei. I talked until my tongue was
weary and till my throat was hoarse.
of the destructiveness of their Marxist
doctrine of irrationality. P

f. •• .we will not let the Jews slit
our gullets and not defend ourselves.

g. ( Jew) «'* <»the higher he climbs,
the more alluringly rises out of the . ,
veil- of the past his old goal, once

.' p)?omis'^d to ,hljn, and with feverish
greed he waliches in his bri^test heads

' the dream of world domination step
into tangible proximity.

h. They (Marxists) began to treat
us as genuine chief criminals of humanity.

1. For this peace proposal of mine
I was abused, and personally insulted.
Mr. Chamber!|.ain, In fact, spat upon me
before the eyes of the world ..•

• X57 -

J. \**\t was In keeping with our.oim
hannleeenesfl that England took the liberty
of some day meeting our peaceful activity
tdth the brutality of the violent egolat.

)t» v^athe outstanding featured of
Polish Character were. cruelty and lack of
moral rest)<ain.t«

The intenjsity and frequency of these 'projections .

amply justify the diagnosis of paranoid delusion*

5* tdealego

The Idealego, as we define it, is a compound

■ ■ ■ /'

of images, . engendered in the mind of the subject, idiich
represent irtiat he would like to be, hts level of aspira*"
tion, his best sell^ at the height of his career, the man
reaching the goal of his ambition. The idealego may
be the figure of a master criminal or that of a great
benefactor or prophet, its exact nature 1?Cing depisndent
upon a host of factors stemming from the id, ego, and
superego. In Hitler's case it is clear that the ideal-
ego is the <loninant force of his conscious and un-
eonsciotis life. We shall discuss, it presently in
connection with his major configuration of drives and
sentiihents • .

MAJOR CONFIGURATION OF OVERT DRIVES AND SENTIMENTS

Aa a rule It Is difficult to demonstrate a
olear-cut Integration of overt drives and sentimantis
li? an Indlvidtiai; either (I) because the laajoritjr of
. people are not Integrated according to a very fixed .
and consistent pattern or (2) because the configurations,
such as they are, are not wholly discernible, important
elements being repressed and unconscious to the subject.
We use.the tem orienting thewa to include both ccMascioua
and unconscious elements. In Hitler's case, however,
it is not expedient to make a distinction between the
major configurations of overt drives and sentiments
and the orienting thema, because the latter bae been
made explicit in word and deed £hd is of a relatively
consistent and obvious type. Hitler is one of the
relatively few men trtio has largely lived out hie fantasy.
The main elements of his major configuration are the
following:

1-. f'oaitlvQ Cathexi8» of Power
Hitler 'a' sentiments in faVor of power as opposed
to all forms of weakness .may bo divided into (a) cathexis

of powerful nations and (b) oathexls of powerful rulers.

, " ^ " • " . .

4f Positive cathexis « value attraction, power to evoke

love, respect.
Negative cathexis « the reverse: power to evoke

aversion, ncorn, hate.

^^p^ODuc^D AT mriomi ARCff/vES

(1) Positive catheads af powerful groups

(nations ). »

The vei*7 first enthusiasm entertained by the boy
Hitler Has an «dinirati on for Germany • We have already
noted his membership in the itationalist movement as a
school boy and listed the determinants of this enthusiasm*
The following quotations will illustrate the peraietence
of this attitude in later life^

a, Hanisch: Hitler always took the
Government's- part. ••invariably approved
of all such violent methods as necessary
for the Stete's sake.

b. Hitler; In Vienna I continued
as I had done before, to follow up all
events in Germany with the fiercest enthusi-
asm, no matter whethei^ political or
cultural questions were concerned. With
proud admiration I compared the rise of

the Reich with ther^decline of the Austrian
State. (k.K. 69-70).

c. Hitler: Prussia, the germ cell of
the Reich, was created by resplendant
heroism and not by financial operations

or 0(»nn;i^rcial affairs, end the Reich itself
was in tturn only the most glorious reward
of political leadership and military death-
defying courage. (M.K. 201).

It was -Hitier«*s love of power that attracted him

to the history of Oreat Britain.

d. Hitler: No nation has more care-
fully prepared Its economic conquests
with the sword with greater brutality
and defended it later more ruthlessly

- than this British* (M.It. 189).

* 180 -

e. Hltle^: England did not conquok*
India by the tmy of jiutiee and law: she
conquored India without regjard to the
wishes, to -the views of the natives, or
to their formulations of Jiastice, and,
when necessary, she has upheld this
suppremacy with the most, brutal ruthless*
hess. (H.N.O, 103)*

Hitler has always admired the ruling classes

everywhere as Opposed to the underprivileged.

f. Hitler: Our big industrialists
have worked their way to the top by
reason of their efficiency. In virttie of
this selisction, which merely proves their
higher race, they have a right to lead.

(ii) Positive cathexia of powerful individuals

(rulers) .

It is difficult to say whethex* it was the figure
of a powerful individual or the vague sense of a power-
ful class or nation that first excited Hitler *s admira-
tion, but certainly in th^^ cotarse of his life there
have been a series of heroes who have stirred his entbvif
siasm ai^4^ shaped his ego ideal. Among these may be
mentioned his teacher of history, Ludwig Poetsch; the
fervent antii-3emitld, ileorg voq Sehoenerer; the Viennese
mayor, Karl Lueger; Richard Wagner; Frederick the Great;
Bismarck; the I^iser; and Mussolini » v, j

a.' • Hitler: It infuriated me
even more, than the' Viennese Press...
expressed its objections against the
German Kaiser. . .Such things made the
blood rush to my head « . .

b. Hanisch: He said. . •Wagner'
ima a. flg^tern there was more graatnesa
and power in Wagner.

0* Over Hitler's desk han^s a
portrait of Frederick the Great, #hom, of
all Qernany'a historic characters, ELtler
- has chosen as his hero.

d. Heiden: Roehm*s frank brutal
energy ciaemed to inspire a blissful
sense of security in Hitler.

e. Hitler: In those days — I
admit it Openly — I conceived the most
profound admiration for the great man....

..what will rank MuSSolini among the great
' of this earth is the determination not

to share Italy with Marxism*

The figui^e of power admired by ra.tler is mai4ced

by courSge, ]liilitary viaior, brutality, and absence of

syntpathy or oonqpassion. It'ls characteristid Of him

to ihterprst humane 'feeling as weakness .

2. Head for 't)eferehee toward fower *

j> ■ ■ . '

Differing from a good many other would-be dicta-
tors or revolutionists. Hitler displayed, and still to.
sane extent displays, a marked deferenoe toirards his
superiors, exhibiting thereby, no doubt, a pattern
that he was forced to adopt in the presence of his
overbearing father*

(1) Heiden: Subordination he took
seriously down to the smallest details; to
respect one*s superior officers, never to
contradict, to submit blindly. Hitler dis-
played a servile solicitude for the clothes
boots snd food of his superior officers.

'mPWuc£;D Arms mnomL Apcmvss

- lies -

(ii) Strassei-::, Hitler's attitude towards
the General was otseqylous; he was In agreement -
with .everything Ludenaorff said.

Hitler and President Hindenburg
on the Day of Potsdatu
I March, 1935

mp^'opucsp Arms mnomL A^cmvjss

-!153 -

Not a the subaervieiicQ of"

: (ill)' Heiden; In the.miast of the Munich

' Putsch Hitler exclaiaiad to. Kahr in a hoarse

'-, ■ , YDlce:.' "Excellency, I will stand behind you as

•• •■- ■ faithfully 83 a dogi"

• ' (iv) Lamia: In the coui-sq of hl5 perofa-

■ tlon he came to apeak of Generals Ludendot-ff

and von' Seeckt; at such momenta he. stood at
. . ■ attention and trumpeted forth the words "general'

and "SSccellency", It made no difference that
. one of the generals was on his side, -while the.

, other, von Seegkt, commander-in-chief of the

' Relchawehr, was his enemy 3 he- abahdoned himself .

entirely to the pleasure of pronouncing the high-
sounding titles* He never said "General Seecict ,
he said "His Excellency, Herr Kolonel General
■ von seeckt", letting the words melt on his tongue
' ■> -- and savoring their after- taste. At this moment
:v •; ^ ■ he was the typi'cal prof'esaional sergeant,

5, Hepcatlve Ca thext 3 of Weakness .

; , Hitler's, sentiments in- this category are the

natural complement of his.- high positive cathexls for

power. A few illustrations will suffice.

•164 •

(i) Hltlor: A stronger generation wiH
drive out the weaklings , becatuie in ita
•ultimate form the urge . to live will again
and again break the ridiculous fettera of a
so-called "huiiiaHity^ of tfaj^ individual, so
that its place will be taken by the **huiiianit7"
of nature, which destroys weakness in ordsr
to give its place- to strength*

(ii) Mtler: •••these upper layers
(of intellectuals) Iftok l^e necessary will

^ power. For will power is always weaker in. .
these > secluded intellectual circles than in
the masses of the primitive people. .

(iii) Hitler: •the Jewish
Christ^Creed- with its effeminate pity-ethics*
(Rauschning) «

(iv) Hitler: Anybody who is such a
poltroon that he canH bear the thought of
someone near by having to suffer pain had
better join a sewing- circle, but not my
ps.rty.. conirades. (Rauschning)*

(v) Hitler: TJnleiss you are prepared '
to' be pitiless, you will get nowhere* Our
opponents are not prepared for it, not becaiise
they are humane.. .but because they are too
weak. (Rauschning).

4* tdealegb, f'owerful Individual ,

■ T,he process involved here is msrely that of

the internationalization of the positively o»1;()iectred

powerful individual described above. What was ohoe

external became internal and was accepted as the goal

of endeavor. Around this central notion, of the, powerful

individual there has developed an ideology based on

the so-called aristocratic principle in nature^ The

final coiioeption is that of a super superman, leader

- 165 -

of a nation of supermen who govern the globe. This
notion la deeply ImbiBdded In the German charaeter as
a result of (1) the autocratic position of the father
In (j^rman family structure; (2) systematic Indoctrina-
tion 'in the home and In the schools; and (3). the
position of Oenqany among the Surppean nations, a*
powerful community encircled and for a long tldie
eclipsed In power and glory by France and then Gi:*.9at
Britain. The main sources of Hitler's Ideology are
such men as Carlyle, through his life of Frederick the
Great, Goblneau, Wagner, Houston Stewart Chamberlain,
Nietzsche, and Georges Sorel ( Keflexloiis sur la Vloleace)
Not that Hitler read all or even most of these authors
but their Ideas were transmitted to him through various
secondary sources which he read eagerly and took to
heart during his years in Vienna. 1*he following
quotations give an outline of Hitler's philosophy.

, (1) Hitler: ...most important,
precondition in life -» namely, the necessity
to be strong. ;(M.N.O. S25)*

(11) Hitler^ quoted, by Rauschning;
But fortune folloiirs where there Is a. firm will.

' ^ (111) Hitler; Always before Qbd and

the world the stronger has the right to 6arry
through what he will. (M.N. 0* 50), .

(Iv) Hitler, quoted by Rauachnlng:
Brutality Is respected. Brutality and physical
strength. 'The plain man in the street respects

- 166 *

nothing but brutal strength and ruthlesanaaa.
(K.B.f This Is an excellent example of aelf-
projectlon and sims up In a nutshell the ertac
of Hitler's personality.)

(v) Hitler: In the end, only the urge
for self-preservatlpn will eternally sudeeed*
Under Its pressure so-called "humanity", as
the expression of. a miatture of stupidity,
cowardice, an lmaglntix'7 superior intelllgsnee,
will melt like snow under the March sun.
(M.K. 176).

(vi) Hitler: Every view of life...
will' remain without importance ...iinless its

iprinclples hava bedome the. banner of a fighting
movement. (M.K. 575).

(vll) Hitler: Terror is not Ibroken by
power of mind but by terror (M.K. 494-5).

(vlll) Hitler: The terror in the work-
shops, in the factory, in the asisembly hall, an<l,
on occasions of mass demonstratloiis will always
be accompanied by success a^ long' as it is not.
met by an equally great force and terror. <M.K.'58).

$. SoOjal Ideal f>6werful f'olk . •
One will not be able to understand Hitler's .
personality, its extraordinary force, its maintenance
this side maanity, and its influence on the German
people witiiout taking full account of his emotional
identification with an ideal Germany as he conceives
it and the dedication of his efforts to the creation
of such a Gennany. The pi'lnciples of his program are
expressed in the following series of quotations:

- 167 -

c . .

(1) Mtler, quoted by Rausehning; There
will be a Herren<4Clais8, an hlatorloal clasa
tendered by battle and' welded tvoia. the most
yaried elementa*

Hitler: (The Polklsh view) feela
the obligation in aoeoManee with the Eternal
Will that dominatea thia -universe to promote
the victory of the betteir and stronger, and to
denaiid the aubmisalon of the worst and the
weakex^. (H.K, 580)«

(iii) Hitler: We rscpgnize that free-
dom can eternally be only a consequence of
power and that the source of power is the
will. Consequently^ the will, to powex* must be
strengthened in a people with- passionate ardor.
(M.H.O, 24).

(iv) Hitler: Bia (Youth/ s) entire
education and development has to be directed at
giving him the cpnviction of being absolutely
superior to the others*. (If.K* 618).

(v) Hitler: The parliamentary principle

of deeision by majority, by denying the authority
of the person and placing in its stead the member
Of the crowd in question since against the
aristocratic idea ^f Nature. (M.K. 103).

(vi) Hitler: We want to be the supporters
of the dictatorship of national reason, of
national energy, of national — - brutality and .
resolution. (M.M.O. 66).

(vii) HI tier; quoted by RauschDing: One
tbirtg is and. remains eternally the same: force «
Empires are made by the aword, by superior force-
not by alliancea*

What must b0 pointed out here is (1) that Hitler
came in to Oerttany aa an outaider .(ha waa not reared
in the ayatem), (2) that he atarte<S operating with a
relatively ainiple, clear-cut, fanatically held conception

- 108 - ,

C ' ■ ' -

of t)^ proper 90cial pattern^ (3) that h« 8tart«4 with

a.amaXl nucleus and built a rapidly Rowing party

according to his preconceived social Ideal, (4) that

this, party usurped power and spread to Include most

of the nation:

(vlli) Hltleir; The N, 3. G. W, P. must
not be the masses* s.lave, but their mastert
(U.K. 698) ..

and, finally, (5) that Hitler's soclaX'^.ldeal Is not

confined to the German people within the national.

»

boundary but to the German folk or race wherever
they are. it Is a world dominion that he envisages
by people that are constitutionally alike, '

What we have here In the slimiest terms Is the
Master-Slave pattern of social relationships to the
exclualon of all other patterns* What is most distinc-
tive is not the presence of this idea,, which is as- old
as the history of man, but the absence of other pattenaa,
the complete substitution of contempt for sympathy*

■ 6. Need for Pomlnance. Ruthless Will to Power*
Hitler's positive catheoatlon of a powerful ,
natibn and a powerful ruler has been described, as
well as his creation of a social Ideal In which Power
was to be earned to its furthest |M>int, Hia deference,
even obseqisiousness when face to face with represents^
tlves of power has also been described. What we have

now to deal with is the problem of the. gradual change ,
of enphaais fr(»n deferenee to domlnanoe. We can aay,
X think, wl^h aome Jtotifieation that If Eltlep*a iddal
sooial pattern had existed in Germany, that the nation
had been xinder tba.dietatox^ahip of an iron man, he might
have been willing to take his place In the system: as a
subordinate. Just as he did as a 'corporal in the' army,
but the fact that aiich a sooial pattern watf not in
operation stimulated him to inauguratis it. ' He became
dissatisfied with one politieial leader after another,

#

Kiahr, Ludendorff, ete., and by degrees forced himself
into the rdle.that according to his. scheme somebody
must fill. It is as if a masoehist, finding no. one
to play a r^e sufficienily sadistie to gratify his
eroticism, were to decide to adopt tfait himself.
We have to take account here of the possibility of
vicarious pleasxire in eitlier role* Listsnlng to Hitler'*
words, we often get a certmn sense of his idehtiflca-
tibn with the sadist, irtie'n he is adopting the submissive
r^e. And his identification with the masochlst when he
is acting as a brutal tyrant. To explain the identi flea
tion with the sadist, we must assume an elementary need
for dottlnanee, or will to power, which gets satisfied
in this ^roundabout Way* Anyhow, it is clesr that as

. - 170 -

timdv went on during the yeara after World War I,

Hitler's attitude undenftent some nodifioatlbti. From

the obtruaively submissive corporal he became the

obtrusively dominant leader of a party.

(i) Heiden: •••(As time i<[^ent oh) he felt
himself superior to bis recognized auperiora^
The obedient soldier was triansformed into one
who knew better^ the underling into one who
c^tild dp! thing* better, - • -

This sChange was concomitant with Hitler* a

discovery of his own oratorical powers. He gave

I

way more and, more to the demon within him. The ambi-

tioxia aadiat, his infantile belief in omnipotence

beihg reactivated by the hysterical approval of the

zaassea, : came into hiia own^i We are dealing here with

a peraonality who enviously admires hi a enemiea. His

enemies are those who dominate and oppose and frustrate,

him with, force. He hatea tha' parson who embodiea

this force but he irorships the force and as ao patterns

himself on the object of ^ his hate. Thia explains

why Hitler inia attraoted to t^ha Marxiata and their

methoda for gaining power.

(U) I^rner; He want to achool not only
to the Uarxlata. He )uia a great admiration for
the or^nissation and nwthoda'of the Catholic
Church. He speaks again and ag^in of how much
he. learned by studying the propaganda the British
used during the war. And he expressea admiration
for American advertising technique.

• ■ 4 m*

(ill) . Hitter: m had a chance (dNirlng
World War Z) to become acquainted irLtb the In-
credible dlscl|»line 6f our oppdheititeV jpropagaicidiei.
And still today It la pi^^de to have fotiad the
Biean8««,«for beating tltmHf veiry inairet^d* .
Two yeara later I i*|iflr*jui«ter in hi a eraft*

The plotisra^ we get. ^re Is that of a nan who,

like a great nuniber ot 0Bvmms, \_^nt9VtBina the oonee|H

tlon of an Iron man will save Oeinnany, and wondera

at th» «aiM tlxqa whetlter he hli^alf has not the neoeasary

genius to be Ihfet Iron Bianv . A$ .tine went on. Hitler

oaiae sore and more to Identify Mihself with the hero,

but even at thft nonenf; lAMLt he mna apio'oachlng the

very atdmlt of his |>ower ha was. overoona. with nls-*

glvings. Perhapi^ ha- was not thla supernan but nerely

the brld^ to thft svipanaan, aa Xlatssohe often s^ld

of hlma«lf« . .

Hitler r We ati are. in a anall way^
illw.3t« John^ (the Bftptlat). I wait for Christ t

(v) 91 tier, quoted by Riewiscbnlngj The
hew man- 1<^ among tt|»1 He Is hsret Sow are you
satlafledT X will tell you a secrete I have
aean ttm vialAh of the new man faarleaa and
fomldAbie. X afaranlp f roai |ilm|

(KfB« Here Is- a suggestion th^t
b$>yond the exercise of powdr there la « grdnter
enjoynent — shrinking before a still greater
forca*)

- 178 V

7k I dentiti'j. cation with I49fitl,eg6 <r

A few quotations wlXX be eufficient shoir the

extent of HLtler's identification idth YsXn oim (and

the average Qenoan's) Idealego.

(I) Hitler, quoted by RUasell:

Who won the cantpaign. in Poland?
I didl

WliQ gave the orde;rs?

.1 didl

Who had all the strategic ideas
which- made vlot4>ry possible?

I didl

Who ordered the attack?
Ich, Ich, Ichy Ichl

(II) Hitler^ addressing Schuschnigg,
quoted by Fuchs;

V Do you not realize that you ari^e in

the presence of the greatest German ever:.
1 known to history I

(III) Hitleri X am one of the hardest

men Germany has had fos^ decadesji. perhaps for centuries,
equipped with the greatest authority of any German
leader., .but above all, I believe in my success, I
believe in it unoonditlonally« (M^N^O. 871)^

(Iv) Hitler,j, addressing the Supreme Coramanders
before the polish campaign, quoted by Lochneri

lis the liist aii«ly«i« thei*e are oxily
thPtfe gfeat atat6&ita«tt In thi world^ Stalin,
I, atid MuHabXlAl. * •our atrdngth conilats
' in ouy apaed and in oiat^ brutallt jp. Genghis

.Xhan lad mllllonr woiMn and dfaildren
alaii^tar id.th premeditation and a hapipy
heart* Blfttory 8<)e8 in Mn aoldly the
founder of a itat«* it 'a a matter of iWdiffe
on6e to me n^ifrt a weak western ?urop4An
olvlHsatlon mil aay about ate « I haya Isatxed
tha coiMnd and I«ll haire unyhod^
uttera but one irord of crltlcleli «bce<^tited
by a firing aquad — that our war aim does
not conalat in reaching certain llnea ^ but
In the«phyalcal deatructlon of ths anam^« ' '
Accordingly, I hava placed my death^head
formatlona In raadlneaa. • .with ordera^to
them to aend to death mercilessly and with-
out compaaalost, men, women, and fihlMr^il
of Polish derlv«tl on ahd langufiga;

Hitler 9«68 himself not only as Oexnany's greatest

. strategist and war lord but as the chosen Instrument

of (k>d, the savior .of the Oerman folk, and the fotinder

6f a new apirltittl era irtileh will endure, aa Chrlat's

klngdon ims daslgnad to endure for a thouaand years.

It la not to be wondered at, therefore, that Hitler

haa often Identlflad: himself with Christ,

<[▼) Hitler; Tharafore, I believe today

tt)at I am acting in the sense of the Almighty Creator ;

warding off the Jews I am fighting for the Lord's

^' ' '

work« <M.K. 84).

Hitler: My feeling as a Christian
polnta ma to my Lord and Savior as a
filter. It polnta me to the man who once
in lonellnaaa, aurrounded by ofily 6 f«#

- m ^

fol^lQwers, x^eoogQ^Lzed these Jews ]f or what
they were and a\snmoned men to the fight
ci,galnst them and irtio* 0od*8 truthi wtt* .
greatest not as a sufferer but as a
fighter* In houndless love as' a Christian
ahd as a man I read thx*ough the passage
which telle us how the Iiord riese ai last
In hls odght and seized the seouTge to drive

of th9> l^emple ^he Woqd 9f vipers and
adders recognize more prof oundly thiem
ever before the fact that it was for thia.
that He bad to shed his blood upon the
crpss« (M,1I»0* 26)*

Bi tiler : vftien^*^! see these men standing
in their queues, .then 1 believe I would be
no Ghjristian, out a very devil^ if I felt
no pity for them, if. I did not, as did our
Lord two thousand ^ears ago, turn against
those by whom toda^y this poor people is
plundered and exploited. (M.M.O* 27).

EL tier may very well have realized that he could

. not make of his physique anything very imposing or

resplendent. Berhapa it was an uncanny wisdom on his

part lihat paused him: to adopt, or at least, retain, the

appearance of. a. typical lower middle class man. Anyhow,

he at ande out among others of his type by an adherence

^ to the uniform of a commonplaee storm trooper or the

vestments of an average <(itizen. He has not yielded

to the temptation of dressing himself up in a fine

liniform or in imperial robes as did HApoleon. After

the war, he went about in jackr boots swingias|f a

hippopotamus- hide whip and a plastic surgeon has

removed superfluous" fat from his nose, and he has

- 175 - '

atudled as ooQaoloualy as any acto'l* the iralk^ the
geatuvaa^ and the manner atdtable to hiiB( pdsitioh; ,
but jBtl^l^ .da8p),te theiae and nany othdl* efforts to
create a 'satisfying viatial impression, he has pre->
served oertaln modesties that have ingratiated him with
certain classes in Germany. Adoording to the legend,
he la a humble ascetic man, and this holds, despite
the knoim fact ttiat in his study at thd Berghof a hoge
portrait of himsislf. as Fuehrer hangs oveir him eternally,

8, Need for Aggresalon, -Sadism *

The Marquis de Sade maintained that his cruelties
were not inflicted with the purpose of giving others
pain but rather to. increase to the utmost his own
sense of power; thus, according to. his version, aggres-
sion was subsidiary to donilnance* In Hitler's case,
however, ' iilthough the will to power, is tto central
principle, fxised with it is a. vindlctlveness which
takes pleasure in the paitjful humiliation of his
adversaries. Snougkt illustrations of the sadism mixed
up with Hitler's nOed for dominance h^ve already been
given; we on^y-need to point out here what is kiiown
the world over, namely, that bis ideology of power
has been expressed in definite actions of aggression.

- 176 *

particularly against weaker, helplesa Indlvlduala
^nd groups. Statements such as the rollowing hare been
the precursors of unprecedented brutality: *

(I) Hitler, quoted by. Rauschnigg: X shall
spread terror by the surprise employment of all my
measures • '

(II) Hitler,, quoted by Helden.: There- will be no
peace In the land until a body Is hanging from every
lamp post.

(III) Hitler, quotell by Rauaehnlng: But even If
we could not conquer them, we should drag half the
world Into destruction with us, and leave no one to
triumph over Germany. There will not be another 1918.
We shall not surrender.

An account of Hltler*s personal aggressiveness .
against another man la given by Helden:

(Iv) (At the Munich Putsch) The^ first to be
arrested was the Standard leader. Count Spretl. The
young Count was set In front of Hitler; he made a
movement toward his pockety as though to grasp hie pis-
tol. Thereupon Hitler raised his whlp^ struck Count
Spretl on the head with the stout Iropbound end, and
threshed him on the face in blind fury until Count

a «

Spretl collapsed*'

■ \ ^ - 177 -

Thle purge of 1934^ the anti-Semitic atrocities,
the \jnspeakabld crimes committed in Poland, these and
many other actions executed, or oic'dered By Hitler demonstrate
the extent of his sadism and revengefulness*

9. Need for Insociatlon (Collective Identification) .

Hitler's psychology cannot be understood if he is-
considered apart from his identification with the German
people, or rather with his ideal for Germany. Prom the
very beginning, we have evidence of his desire to become
a member of the Reich, which, to be' sure, was more in
the natiare of a fantasied insociatlon with a vaguely
conceived tradition than it was a desire for relatlon-
ship^with concrete individuals. Until he enlisted in
the German Axnny, there are no definitive instances of
his ever belonging to an organized group, unless it
was « little Nationalist's Club in school. No doubt
this. long period of egocentric Isolation increased his
need, for lnsoGiation« We note that at school he showed
tendencies to be an agitator; and Hanish tells us that
in Vienna he was continually talkljjj; up tha idea of
foming ah association among his flophouse friends for
financial or political purposes. Although Ih a sense
he' Was a lone wolf (he went by the name of Wolf), it
was also true that he had to have followers about him.

- 178 -

OnQ of th,e first things he created was a bodyguard
and the creation of the National Socialist Party was
essential to his achievement* Hitler Is Inconceivable
without the masses, but It #as not so much the concrete
individual party members whom we have in mind here«
rather Hitler *s conception of the German Volk, with whom
in his imagination he was Identified* He believed,
and the people believed, that he loved Germany, and ;
if Germany is perceived in his termsi there is no reason
to doubt this dedication. Without this, he would have
become a criminal or live<J out his life as a futile and
penniless paihter of postcards. It was this feeling
of oneness with Genimiiy and . the f^^ that" tig could
identify his revertgefulriess with the heed for aggression
latent in the German nation whjch enabled him . tp hold
his grouhdt this " jslde insanity » Oii'Ce the Party had'
conquered the German people, he could function corporo-
centrlcally rather than egocentrically. It was this
that saved him and. won him adherents*

10, Keed for Creatioh ($66ial )

It was hot Germany as it was or had, been that
Hitler represented but rather the Ideal social pattern
which hQ wlsbed to impose on the country. Hot only

- 179 -

during bis days of riimlnatloni. In Vienna but later

It -was necessary for hlin to construct an Ideology

from diverse sources In terms of which he >could.

preach to the people. ^ None of the elements were

original with him Imt some Inventiveness was required

In developing the precise combination of principles

that became the creed of the Nazi Party. Besides this,

he was continually preoccupied with Inventing means

to his goaltf, which Involved a considerable aiho\mt

of creative thought; thus, to a certain extent, he

functioned as a creative artist and certialnly con->-

ceived of himself as such.

(1) : latler: Or mus^' not tlie task of
the leading statesman be seen In the birth
of a crd4tlve idea or plan In Itself, rather,
than in the ability to make the ingenuity of
his plans understandable to a flock of sheep
and empty-heads for. the purpose of begging their
gracioxus consent? (If.E. 101-102).

11, Need for Expositlbri .
Having elrrived at his major policy^ his Ideological
goal with its subaidlary alms. It tos necessary to
communicate these to thi^ people, and so to create a
Party and later' a nation dedicated to the achlevetnent
of the determined j^oal. " Her# the need for e'atposltlon
took the form of writing MEIN K&MPP, but more especially

■hViA fnr*m of- snflArik-mnlrl rtrf. Hi hi on Is fllnmiftnts In

- 180 -

stressing the importance of the orator as opposed
to the writer when It comes to Immediate potency In
Instigating action. .We must certainly rate the need
for exposition as maximally strong in Hitler's per-
sonality. In boyhood he was already haranguing his
schoolmates and his family. Likewise in Vienna and
at Company Headquarters during the war, and everlasting-
ly from then on he has continued to make speeches to
real or imaginary audiences. His chief function, per-
haps, as he conceived it, was to convert the German
people to his way of thinking -and thus to create the
Germany that he was devoted to in his imagination.

•One final point: insoclatlon, creation, and
exposition were fused by Hitler's conception of himself
as mouthpiece of the whole people. He was not creating
ah IhdividliallstiG philosophy and Imposing it on
Germany, but rather, as he saw It, giving voice to the
deepest heeds and longings of the masses. Here the
editors" of MEIN KAIIPF have, something to say:

(1) The lekdei? id he who most strongly
senses the needs and desires of the unified
nation, and not he who — as Nietzsche and Stefan
Geprge believed makes use of the "slaves" in
order to assure the trltunph and happiness of a
more regal aristocracy t):mn the world has known,
in short, for all his elements of patriotic
mysticism. Hitler is no Platonist, bu-^ a Spartan
in the simplest sense. That is why Germans have
found it so difficult to resist him. As one of
them has put it, "He flatters us all into acquies-
cence." (M.K^ Not$, 127*8)*

- 181 -

In so far, as fiitler conforms to this role, he is

V

egocentric, oorporocentrlOj, and ideocentric all at once.
18. Oriehtlhg '^Theiha

Much evidence could be brought to bear to demonstrate
that Hitler's energies would never have been fully
involved if it had not been for Germany's, defeat and
Collapse, tip to that time, he had political convictions,
to be sure, but the sufficient stimulus was lacking.
The critical point came", a? was mentioned above, when
he lay blind in the military hospital arjid made his vow
to reinstate his fallen motherland. Therefore, we
would be inclined to put Hitler's orienting thema,
the plot of his active striving, in these words: .
The treacherous^ overpowering, and contaminating, th6
vireafeeftifiig and depreciation, of a pure and noble object
i 3 ' the " tragic spectacle which'arous^s ' th6 " hero ' and
iftcites him t6 agitate revenge . Aa Leader and Messiah ,
he cdApels thfi, object, by sfteer will and elofiLUehce ,
to ' adopt ' a coursli of ruthless aggresaiori , the goal
being to annihilate the contandnator and ap^gresaor ,
and so, gudded by almighty ruler and redeemer ,
to become ' supremely pure, powerful, arid superior, and
thug everlastingly respected . His work done, the

- 182 - .

hefeb. relinquishes power arid dies, revered aa the
t)i»ogenltor of an tan corrupted and masterful race that
Dgjll live on ^n fulflliaent of his word.

(N.Bi» $he elements of purity and contamination
will be fully discussed later,)

13» Iiaclc of Need Affiliation, Need Hurtufahce .

Hitler's strong drives for aggressive dominance
and self-assertion have been described. These are
the features of the mah*s personality which have
attracted and shocked the world but what la more dis-
tinctive perhaps Is not the presence of these all-too-
human tendencies but the lack of opposing drives which
in normal people balance and mitigate the evil effects
of rampant egocentrlsm. Hitler has shbwn extraordinarily
little ability to establish and maintain friendships,
to adjust himself to the needs and wishes of other
people and a minimum of sympathy for human suffering
and affliction. Whatever tendencies of this sort he
once, possessed have been long-since trampled \2nder
foot.

• 185 -

^sjFWDucsD AT ms; mnoNAi A^cmVjES .• • •

. C. MINOR CONFIGURATIONS OF NEE!DS AND SENTIMENTS

Hitler is a peciijliany aifigle-minded fanatic and
the ^g^eater part of hi« eftergiea have been eatight up
in the major configvira t ion outlined in the previous
section. , AnyhoWj other configurations and .pattarhd
of behavior are of relatively little consequence in
a. a\)inmaa?y analysis of this sort. Suffice it to
mention

1, Need for Sex . '

Although the Press has led the German people to
believe periodically that Hitler had found, the girl
he was looking for all thdde yeai>ay a good ibany close
observers have come to the conclusion that he is asexual
It iis generally said that Germany is his b^lovedj his
mother anof his wife, and that when he addresses the
masses, whom hir thinks of as feminine, he is courting,
appealing to, complaining to, and ax^ousing the woman
of his heart. That this is not entirely satisfying
to his sex instinct will be indicated in a later
section*

2» Need for Creation (Ar chit ecture )'^;
Hitler's ambitions to become an architect were
frustrat^^d by his lack of education and talent, but

- 184 -

since he has become supreme ruler of Germany he has

given free play to this interest. He has had a part

in planning and designing a niimber of the recent

buildings, system of roads, etc. This tendency is only

of significance to us in so far as we can infer from

the products of his mind certain underlying forces;

f therefore, we will postpone consideration of this

side of his character until a later section.

It should be noted here that Hitler's interest

in architecture is very real. It forms an essential .

ingredient in his. system of sentiments. The evidence^

for this is not limited to his own statements but is

furnished by a close study of his metaphors. He speaks

of architecture as the queen of the arts . No doubt

painting and architecture were connected to some

extent with a certain voyeurism, but they also had

other significances. The following passage is

suggestive of voyeurism:

(i) I had eyes for nothing but the
bTiildings. . .all day long, from early morn
. until late at- night, I tan from one sight to
the next, for what attracted me mdbt of all
were the buildings* Por hours' on end I would
stand in front of the opera or ajdmire the
Parliament Buildings; the entlte Ringstrasse
affected me like a fairy tale out of the
Arabian Nights ^ (M.K. 26-27).

- 186 -

In accordance with tha convenitiona of symbolic
interpretation, it is possible to conceive of these
impressive builclings as psychic eqiaivalents of the
mother whom he has lost. We are also reminded here
of the -unique claustrum which Hitler had constructed
for himself oh the top' of the mountain behind his
retreat fet Berchtesgaden*

D, TYPE OP PERSONALITY STRUCTURE : COUNTERACTIVE NARCISM

..The drives, sentiments, and traits sp far listed
and discussed — ,Hitler*s high idealego, his pride,
his dominance and aggression, and his mere or less
successful repression of the superego. -> indicate
that his personality structure corresponds to that of
Counteractive Nardisni. The implication of this term
is that the manifest traits and symptoms of Hitler's
personality irepx'esent a reaction formation to under-
lying feelings of wounded self-esteem. When one
examines systematically the common meinifd stations of
Co\interactive Narclsm, one finds that ^Jie majority
of them are clearly exhibited in Hitler's behavior;
therefore, by running over- the list of' these common
characteristics wd can bring together somef loose ends
and subsTame them all undep one formulation. Here we

^ 186 -

shall not attempt to bo exhaustlvo tout satisfy ourselves
•with some of the more typical manifestations,

1» Naroisensitivityzr low tolerance of toelittle-
ment, qlepre elation, criticism, contradiction, mockery,
failure; inability to take a joke; tendency to harbor
grudges, not forgetting and forgiving.

(i) Hanisch: Hitler could never stand
any criticism of his paintings,

(ii) Hanisch: Hitler could not stand to
be contradicted. He would get furious. He
couldn''t restrain himself, would scream and
fidget with his hands,

(iii) Rauschning: He looked round appre-
hensively and suspiciously, with searching glances
at us* I had the impression that he wanted to
see if anyone was laughing, .

2. n Recognition (Self* Exhibition ) :- self-display;

extravagant: demands for attention and applause; vainglory,

(i) Hitler's appearance at meetings and
rallies are drarnetized te the fullest extent.
He is careful to have electric lights shining
' on him in such a way as to produce the most
striking effects possible, etc., etc. However,
one gets the impression the exhibitionism is
limited to talking before a crowd — at which
times it is extreme --but that ordinarily he is
self-conscious and ill at ease, and does not
particularly enjoy showing himself in public,
although he must do this to maintain- his power,

3, n Autonomy (Freedom) :- self-wil3.; to insist

on a sufficient area of liberty, on free thought, speech
and action* Resistance or defiance in the fac0 of force-
ful coersions or restraints; to combat tyranny.

- 187 -

(1) It is said that Hitler was unrtily as
-. a ;youth, intolerant of frustration. After his
father's death he was given his own way and
after leaving. school became increasingly resistant
to rules and regulations. He was never able
to hold a job. He wanted to be an artist and
live like a Bohemian. We must therefore place
him high on this variable although in him it
does not take its usual form (defenisive individual-
ism), due to his political ambitions — Hitler
needed the alliance of the masses.,

(ii) Hitler: The thought of being a
slave in an office made me ill; not to be
master of my own time, but to force ah entire
life-time into the filling in of forma,
(M.k. 12).

(iii) Heiden: Feder...also said that
the Pueihi©r must be educated in systematic work.
For this purpose he had selected an officer,
who was to serve Hitler as secretary, to map
but' the day's work according to the clock and,
in general, to introduce order and a programme
into the Ptidarer's activity, When Hitler heard
this, he banged his fiat on the table and
shouted, "Who do those fellows think they are?
I shall go my own way, as I see fit," But he

" acOepted the secretary,

4, n Dominance (Self-S\Afflciency) t - When one is in

a position of authority, to plan and make docisionia

without consulting others; to refuse to change an

announced decision; to resent disagreements and

interferences; to.be annoyed by opposition; to insist

on being sole ruler of on^'s province home, business,

political party, nation,

/ (i) Heiden, quoting Hitler: I am not
contending for the favor of the massea,,.I
alone lead the moveinent, a}!id no one can impose

- 188 -

conditions on me so long as I personally
bear the responsibility. And I once more
bear the whole responsibility for everything
that occurs in the movement.

5, Refusal of Sufeordinato Position s- to avoid,

refuse, or le&ve a position which does not do Justice

to one's felt powers or accomplishments; to want the

first place or nothing (fusion with n Autonomy),

(i^ Hitler's refusal to accept membership
in the Cabinet in 1932. He insisted on complete
power.

5. Reluctance to Admit Indebtedness to be
disinclined to express gratitude or acknowledge help
received, to deny or minimize the contribution of
others «

(i) Rauschning.: Hitler hag always been
a poseur . He remembers things he has heard
ana has a faculty of repeating them in such a
way that the listener is led to believe that
they are his own.

7. Oouht^ractlve Achievement persistent

efforts in the face of unexpected obstacles; or

restriving after a defeat; or repeated and enduring

at tempts to overcome fears, anxidties, deficiencies

or defects; efforts to defeat a once successful rival.

(i) Heiden: When others after a defeat
would have gone home despondently, consoling
themselves with the philosophic reflection that
it was no use contending against adverse circum-
stances. Hitler delivered a second pnd a third
assault with sullen defiance, V/hen others

- 189 *

after a success would hiave become more cautious,
because they would not dare put fortiine to the
proof too often and perha:ps exhaust It, Hitler
persisted and staked a bigger claim on destiny
with every throw,

(11) The very first condition for svich a
manner, of fight with the weapons of pure force
is, ahd will always be, perseverance, , .As soon
as intermittent force alternates with indulgence,
the doctrine to be suppressed will not only
recover again and again, but it will be able
to draw new values from every persecution,,.
Only in the eternally regular use of force lies
the preliminary condition to success, (M,K, 222)

8. n Rejection (Verbal Depreciation) to

belittle the worth of others', especially if they -be

superiors, rivals, and potential critics (fusion of

verbal Rejection and. Aggression) •

^ (1) Rauschning: Hitler distrusts everyone

who tries to explain political economy to him.
He believes that the intention is to dupe him,
• and he makes no secret of his contempt for this
branch of science,

(ii) Hitler: My mind was tormented by
the question: Are these still human beings,
worthy of being part of a graat nation? A
torturing question it was,,«(M.K, 54),.

(iii) Hitler: .it brought me internal
happiness to realize definitely that the Jew
was no German, (M,K. 77), '

(iv) Hitler: |t*»a^roed in one's mind

with confidence in- the, dear Loj-d anc^ the unshake-
able stupidity of the bourgeois, (M,K, 585),

- 190 -

9. Counteractive Aggression a- to repay an

insult in double measure — a tooth for a tooth;

to revenge an injury; to attack opponents, superiors,

and frustrators.

(1) Verbal ; to accuse, condemn, curse,

damh, depreciate, or mock an enemy to his face, or

behind his back by criticism, slander, subtle under«

mining of prestige, smear campaigns, etc.

There are hundreds of illustrations
of this. It is Hitler's conviction that:
"One can only succeed in winning the soul
of a people if, apart from a positive
fighting of one's own for one's ovm aims,
one also destroys et the same time the
supporter of the contrary." (M.K. 468),

t^^) Pfayaioal i to attack or kill the

depreciating, injuring or frustrating object,

' ■ Purge of 1934, Anti-Semitism, V/ars, etc

10» Intradeference (Compliance ) t - obediance

to own intuitions and impulses; self- trust; fidelity

to own feelings, sentiments, tastes, judgments, ex-

p'erien<iea.

(I) Hitler: But I knew just the same
that my place would be there where my inner
voice directed me to go*

(II) Hitler: Nothing will move me to
go another." way but the way which experience,
ihsight, and foresight tell me tj^ go. (M.N.O, 374

(N.B., lilustrationa of this are plentiful;
see Id.)

- 191 -

11. Creation and Catheetlon of ah Idealego ;-

satisf action with one's ideal. With the height of

one's aspirations; identification with this ideal,

(i) Many illustrations have been given
under Idealego and Identification with Idealego.

12. Idealego Intradeferehce (Respec t) j- self-
esteen; satisfaction with conduct, abilities and
accomplishments of self.

(i) Although, as I shall attempt to prove.
Hitler's character structure is a reaction

..formation to tendencies of. which he is highly
contemptuous, both these tendencies and the
contempt. are largely unconscious to him. Much
more conspicuous in his conscious psychology
are his superiority feelings, his self-esteem,
his outf lying self-confidence.

(ii) Hitler (at the age of nineteen years) :
I waited with pride and confidence to learn

the result of my entrance examination. I was
• so Convinced of my success that the announcement
of my failure came like 'a "bolt from the blue.
(M.K. 27).

', (lii) Hitler: I devoted myself en-
thusiastically to my passion for- architecture. . .
I was able, to read or draw late into the night.
I was never tired. Thus my belief that my
beautiful- dream of the future would become
reality, perhaps only after many years, was
strengthened^ I was firmly convinced .that
some day X would make a name as an architect.
(M.K, 45). ^

(iv); (Hitler believed himself a man of
destiny even while serving as a ci^rporal) : In
those months > for the first time^ I felt fully
the whims of for tune . which kept- me at the front
in a place where any lucky move on the part
of a negro could shoot me down, while somewhere
else I would have been able to render a different

. - 192 -

service to my co\mtry. For I was bold
enough to believe even then that I would
have succeeded in this. (M.K« 244).

(v) Hitler addressing Schuschnigg,
quoted by Puchs : Do you not realize that
you are in the presence of the greatest
German ever known to history!

13. n Defendance: to defend one's self>esteem

verbally — by offering excuses and justifications,

by blaming Qther^, by depreciating the judges, by

exalting other aspects of one's personality, etc.

Hitler's prime method of defending, the

status of his s^lf is 'by blaming others (extraptini-

tive reaction). Two other common methods are these:

(i) Connecting se-lf with other
(respectable or great) people, who have
done the same, or had the same happen

to them, or suffered from the same' defect _
(n Rec) .

Hitler: .If we committed hi^
treason, then countless others did the
same. .1 deny all guilt so long as I do
not find added to our little company those
gentlemen who helped... (M»N«0« 80).

(ii) Proclaiming worth of criticized
part of self,, or another payt, or of self
as' a whole (n Rep): to assert the merit of
what others condemn; to balance a cjefect
with an asset; to wipe out : a-fail\jre by
recalling one's successes in this .^r in
some other, field. '

Hitler I believe that as a
Nationalist Socialist I appear in the eyes
of many bourgeois democrats as only a wild
man. But a6 a wild man I still believe my-
self to be a better European. .. (M.N. 0. 404). .

- 193 -

Throughout the whole of Hitler's spoken and

written words are to be found many evidences that

he highly approves of the traits attributed to him

in this section and, more than that, advocates their

adoption as the preferred pattern of behavior-' for

the whole nation.

Hitler: ...if a people is to become
free it needs pride and will-power, defiance,
hate, hate and once again hpte. (M.N.O. 49)«

14* Insult as stimulus ;«^: It is characteristic

of the proud counteractive type of personality that

his energies are not engaged xinless he has beein

insulted or injured or imagined himself belittled in

some way. Thus the man of this sort will often

actively seek such a stimulus. The following

quotation illustrates this important principle:

(i) Hitler: ■ If we had been attacked
at that time, nay, if one had only laughed at
us, we would, have been happy in both events.
Ppr the depressiiig, thing was neither the
one nor the ot hep, but! it was only the complete
lack of attention we encountered at that time.
This was true moj^.t; of all for my person.
(I'x.K. 490) , . . ' ■ ■ " ■'

15. Compulsive Crimihality < - Having started

on a course of revengeful aggfessipp instigated by

a real or supposed insult the individual is often

led to act or to plan . actions which are opposed by

- 194 -

his conscience. Therefore he is compelled, if he
la to fulfill his resolution of revenge, to repress
his superego.. This often results in a: oonclition of
mounting unconscious guilt which must "be further
subdued hy a repetition or eajtension of the criminal
behavior in order, ag it were, to prove, by the
success attending this conduct, that it is favored
by fortxine and hence right. This is demonstrated
in Hitler's case and is an important dynamical
principle of his. personality. . It is necessary for ,
him to oonmiit crimes, more, crimes, in order to appease
his superego* As soon as successful offensive action
becomes impossible, the man will become a victim of
a longrrepreased superego, a condition which will
lead to sviicide or- mental breakdown. .

- 195 ~

VI, DYNAMICAL INTERPRETATION
OP TIIE MAJOR configuration"

• , . ' ' ' ■ ■ ' .. '

, A. REVENGEFUL DOMINANCE AS A COUNTER-

^ ACTION TO INSULTESD NARCISM ' '

Almost all psychologists who have analyzed
Hitler's personality have interpreted it by referring,
among other concepts, to Adler'a formula: craving
for superiority coming out of unbearable feelings of
inferiority . We also agree to this conception with
special stress laid upon the press of Insult (wo\inded
narcism) and the consequent residual tension of
revenge bolted up for years and then finding expression
in the Cult of Brutality, Even some of his'non-
psychological associates Reached essentially the
same conclusion.

(iO Rauachning: Every conversation,
however unimportant, seemed to show that this man
was filled with an immeasurable hatred. Hatred of
what? It was not easy to say. Almost anything
might suddenly inflame his wrath and his hatred.
He seemed always to feel the need of something to
hate.

(ii) Rauehnijig: lia the harshness and
unexampled cynicism of Ei tier there is something
more than the repreisaed effect of a hypersensitiveness.

- 196 -

which has hendicapped its bearer. It is the urge

to reprisal and vengeance, a truly Russian-nihilistic

feeling.

(iii) Rausohning: Hatred — personal
hatred — rang out in his words, revenge for early
ye^rs of . poverty^ f or disappointed hopes, for a life
of deprivation and humiliation.

(iv) Heiden: Anyone acquainted with the
lonhappy life of this lonely man knows why hatred
and persecution mania guided his first political
footsteps. In his' heart he nursed a grudge against
the world, and he vented it on guilty and innocent
alike. His cracking voice, his jerky gait, his.
sawing gestures expressed a hatred of which all who
sayr him were QonsQious.

Hitler has experienced almost all the varieties
of press that in our experience are capable of giving
rise to wounded narcism; chiefly the fqllpwing
deserve mention:

1, Pl^ysical inferiority ;- Hitler's youthful
frailty and gen^rial bodily awkwardness and weakness
has already been described.

2. Press of aggressive dominance.Jlnsult j Know-
Ing something of the character of Alois Hitler, we can
sa.fely infer experiences of abasement and humiliation
suffered by the son.

-/197 -

mpwc^uc^D Ar me mrwN'AL Apcmvss ■

3. Press of re;}ectlon: - Sftme evidence for this
has already been given, (Sec. IV), and more will follow,

4. Press' of lack (poverty and low social status );-
Here we would point especially to the four years of
living among the derelicts of Vienna*

5, Press of failure ;- The failure to graduate
from the Realsohulej the failure to pass the examina-
tions of- the Academy of Arts; and the failure to make
his living in Vienna— these and many others were
summated to produce feelings of h\imlliation and in-
adequacy.

6, ■ Press of subdi?dihate of f ice, ' success of
rivals The fact that Hitler was not promoted in
the Army beyond the position of corporal and that he
must have seen many younger men being advanced above
him helped to aggravate his wounded pride.

7. Sexual inferiority :- Perhaps crucial in this,
whole cluster of debasing press is Hitler's reported
inability to have sexual intercourse. This may be
due to physical oi* psychic impotence.

8, Breakdown of courage ;-' Hitler's war neurosis
is a sign of a breakdown of nervous stamina the

face of overwhelming odds, which was probably experienced
by him ias a humiliation, especially in view of his ego
ideal.

- 198 -

(a) ; Our own hypothetical reconstruction
of .thet traumatic events which led to the feeling of
'insulted pride would be somewhat as follows:

(i) Abasement and humiliation of the mother
as the result of the pz'esa of aggressive dominance
and insult from the father, leading eventually to

the death of the mother. According to our hypothesis
the boy. Hitler identified with his mother on the
lowest level of his nature . ' ThiiB led to the desire
for revenge : aggressive dominance and h\amiliation
of the father.

(ii) Press of rejection coming from the
father and perhaps to some extent from the mother
(birth of younger sibling). This led to the boy'g
desire for suprafiliation, incorporation in a larger
and more powerful- group, namely, Germany, and a feeling
of superiority (glory) in this fantasied alliance,
together with the Justification of releasing aggression
against his Government, Austria.

(iii) Abasement and humiliation on self as
a result of the press aggressive dominance and insult
from hii3 father. This is similar to th.f trauma in
(i) except here it is bn his own account entirely.

- 199 -•

It led to the same counteractive need for aggressive
dominance and vengeance, the goal being htmiiliation
of the father and omnipotence for himself. The death
of his father when he was thirteen years old and the
five subsequent years when he had hlk mother pretty
much to himself may. have served to engender the
confidence (enjoyeid; throughout his life) that he
would ev&ntually succeed as ruler.

A (iv) Humiliation of self in Vienna as

the result 6f press rejection^ press deprivation,
and press aggressive dominance. Since many of the
prominent positions in Vienna .were held by Jews,
some of Hitler's anti-Semitism, as well as his hatred
of Vienna, can be attributed to h\miiliatiQns received
from the upper classes during these years. These
wounds to pride helped to augment the mounting
residual tension of aggressive dominance.. Later
his acceptance as a soldier in the German Army
served to relieve his pa3.nful feelings and give him
feelings of exultation similar to those experienced
when he joined the Nationalist's Club as % boy.

(v) Humiliation of self ; (war ^eiirosis)
concomitant with the humiliation and a^iasement of
his motherland as the result of press aggressive

- 200 -

dominance and insult (Versailles Treaty) at the
hands of the Alllea. As in the previous four casea,
this led to the need for aggressive dominance with
the aim of reinstating the. power and glory of Germany
and wrea,klng vengeance on the Allies.

The hypothesis of identification with the mother
on a physical erotic level calls for the assumption
of strain of femininity in Hitler, combined with a
trend of passive homosexuality and for this we must
now list the evidence.

.1* Femininity, Passive Homosexuality, Masochism ,
(a) The feminine component in Hitler's
physical constitution had already been described

(i) Feminine traits. Hitler's senti-
mentality, his emotionality, his shrieking at the
climax of his speeches, his artistiq inclinations,
his sudden collapses, his occasional softness —
these are all typical not so much of a woman as of
a woman in man*

(ii) Identification with mother. Hitler's
belief that he is going to die of cancer as did his
smother is suggestive of an underlying empathic relation-
ship , . r ■

- 201 -

. ^P^ODUC^D AT me mr/ON'AL A^CmVjES

(iii) , Abasement to superiors, strong
males. Instances of exaggerated submlsslveness to
powerful superiors ha"\>^e already. been listed.

(tv) Cathexis of male symbols. Hitler
has a special liking for a multiplicity of tall,
conspicuous columns in architecture and for paintings
of stallions (they mtist never be mares).

(v) Attraction to homosexuals followed
by their-murder. it is known that Hitler had a special,
admiration for Roehm; whether it was this individual

or Hitler himself who was chiefly responsible In ^
attracting such a large proportion of homosexuals to .
the Nazi Party is luioertain, 'but it is known that
after two or three months of anxiety and delusions
to the effect thiat.Roehm and his fellow homosexuals
were plotting to usxirp power Hitler had them all
murdered in the purge of 1934*

(vi) Homosexual, panic* Some of the
nightmares described by several informants are very

suggestive of homosextial panic*

1.

Rauschning: Hitler wakes at
night with convulsive shrieks. > He shouts for
help.' He sits on the edge xjf his bed, .as if un-
able to stir^ He shakes with fear, maklpg the
whple bed vibrate . He ahou^is confused, totally
unintelligible phrases. - Hq gasps, as if
imagining himself to be suffocating,^. .Hitler

- 202 ^

stood swaying In his room, looking wildly about
him, "He I He I He's been here!" he gasped..
His lips were blue. Sweat streamed down his
face. Suddenly he began to reel off figures,
and odd words end broken phrases, entiroXy
devoid of sense •••then he suddenly broke out,
"There, there! In the corner t V^ho^s that?"
He stamped and shrieked in the familar way.*^

A number of metaphors used by Hitler, images

of being stabbed in the rear, recur in his writings.

(vli) Hitler:/ The development has shown
that the people who s'tab with stilettos in
Germany are more powerful than before.

(viil) Hitler: Slowly the fear of the
Marxist weapon of Jewry sinks into the brains
and souls of decent people like a nightmare.
(M.K, 447). . '

(ix) Hitler: One begins to tremble
before the terrible enemy, and thus one has
become his final victim. (M.K* 447).

(jc) Hitler: There call- navey be tinity
between. those who manned the walls In the hour
of danger, end those who in the last moment
pushed the stilejbto into their backs.

(zi) Hitler: God be thanked, this is
just the meaning of Geiroanic democracy, that no
unworthy climber or moral shirker can ccme In
the back way. to rule his fellow citizens. . .but
should, nevertheless, such a fellow try to sneak
in, then he will be easily found out and ruth-
lessly rebuffed. Out with you, cowardly wretch!
Step bapk, you arq soiling the steps; the front
stairs leading to the Pantheon of History la
hot for sneaks but for heroes. (M.iC. 117} •

Pertinent at this poijat, perhaps, is 'Hitler's

fear of being poisoned by some deathly, powder sprinkled

on his bedclothes; as was shown on his visit to Rome

- 203 -

and et other times, his bed must be made up by a
woman in a particular way, never by a man*

(b) Need for abasement s - Hitler's exaggerated
submissiveness has been described (B, 1 (li)), but a
few more notable quotations should be added to. transmit
the passion that someiiines accompanies this' tendency
in Hitler. $hey are . all 'strongly suggestive of
masochism.

(I) Hitler, quoted by Rauachning* The
plain man in the street respects, nothing but
brutal strength and- ruthlessness women,
too, for that matter, women and children.
They need wholesome fear. . They. want to fear
somethings They want sozneone to frighten them
and make them shudderingly submissive .

(II) Hitler, quoted by Rauschning: I
have seen the vision of the new man fearless
and formidable*: I shrank from him.

(ill) Hitler: I^ike a woman, whose psychic
feeling is influenced less by abstract reasoning
than by an uhdef ihable , sentimental longing for
complementary strength, who will submit to the
strong man rather than, dominate the weaklijig,
thus the masses love the ruler rather than the
suppliant. (MiK». 56);

(N.B» Another excellent example of
projedtlon of self).

(iv) Hitierr He' who would win the great
masses must /know the key which opens the door
to their hearts* Its name is not objectivity,
that- la," weakness, but will power and strength.
(M;K. 49)3)* .. ,

- 204 ^

Hitler has a peculiar habit of felling to the
ground suddenly iiehen faced by a critical situation, or
insurmountable frustration. Ho does not struggle
persistently until he is completely overpowered but
he makes an enormous show of strength and, when he
sees the odds are against him, .\3nexpectedly collapses.

Together with these critical abasements, we
might include the inti'aggressivo tendencies; his
preoccupation with suicide and death.

(o) Cathexia for Hitler Youth .

(i) Hitler, quoted by Reuschning: But
my magnificentvyovingstersl Are there finer
ones anywhere in the world? Look at these
young men and bpysJ What raateriall With
them I can make a new world

(ii) Hitler .how did the eyes of

my boys (Hitler youth) shine when I made clear

to them the necessity' of their mission, (M.K. 729).

(iii) Hitlei*: ...vanity in a beautiful,

well shaped body (to be encouraged by men
wearing loss conceeiling clothes).

It is reported by Rauschning that Hitler has

had overt homosexual relations and in this connection

has mentioned three lovers; one; Porster (Gauleiter

of Danzig) . .

II. de pression of Feminihity, 'Counteraction
by Identification with Foworrul Male Idealego

The ruthless aggressiveness of Hitler is the

trait which first strikes the eyes of the whole world.

- 205 -

but it is not tho healthy aggressiveness of a full-
blopdod male animal hut a reaction formation to the
tendencies which we have suhsuraod under ift fori ority,
femininity, passive hompaexua lit y, Hitler*s aggressive-
ness is the compulsive frantip hate of a neurotic for
some unreyenged insult of infancy. The varieties
of ejcpressiona . of this vindictive will to power have
already been fully listed. There remains only. to

* • ■ » - . • - - - . .t' J ! - . . '

be mentioned the many indications that we have of
an intense and unrelenting self contempt which has
caused him tp' admire what he is* not, the very opposite
of hiinself

III, iTeed for Ihtrare jectioa^' (Self-Oohtempt )
XTnder the heading projections, we enimie rated
many instances of Where Hitler attributed the traits
Pf his inferipr' and rejected self to exterftal objects.
All of these i and there were many of them, might be
cited as evidences" of' self- contempt, iaihce they "
represent refusals to acknowledge aspects of himself.
Here we' have, tp pall: attention, to the., dp^jpsite tendency,
namely that of praising the antithesis pf whiat he ia
or has been in reality.

- 206 -

(a) Hitler has talked incessantly of
superiority of breed. He has praised the aristocracy
as the noble. result of the process of natural selec-
tion * — the nobility were the superior race'. He,

iri contrast, was born of - lowly stock, sevefral meaibers
of his family being mentally retarded, one feeble-
minded. Hid mother was. a simple - peasant and domestic
servant, and his father an illegitimate son who begot
an illegitiihate child, .

(b) Hitler has. scarcely one of the attribute
which. hi'a own experts ascribe' to the Nordic race,

and he c.puld never )>ecome fif member of his Own. elite
guard J and yet he says J- "Strong and handsome must
my young men be. 1 will have them fully trained in
all physical exercises. X intend to have an athletic
yoT4th that is the first and chief thifig," Note

■ - . - f

that Hitler has never had the slightest aptitude for
athletics*

(c) Hitler is unmarried and has ho children,
and yet preaches increase of population, the sanctity
of the family, and the necessity of bearing more and
more Germans.

- 207 -

(d) Hitler »s own life is on© of indi vidua 1-
istlc anarchy — aelf- willed and disorderly and yet he
preaches "my new order" and demands ptinctilious
discipline from his subojrdlnates.

All these contrasts, and there are many more of
them, are pitiful demonstrations of Hitler's self-
loathing and as such clinch the diagnosis that we
have outlined here. The nearest to a recorded con-
fession of his own aelf-contempt that has ever come- to
us is a statement of hitler's reported lay Rauschning.

(1) "I am begirining with the young.
We older ones are used up.. Yes, , we are old ,
already. We are rotten to the marrow, . » we
are cowardly and aentlmental. We are beaFing
lEEe burden of a humiliating past, and have in ■
our blood the dull recollection of serfdom
and servility. But my magnificent youngs ter;S 1 " '•
• etCi

V ! : (il) The untnitla ted .b\jt .pure man

is tempted to abandon hjjnself in Klingsor'a magic
garde.n, to the luats and excesses of corrupt
civiiizationj instead of joining the ©lite of
knights who guard the secret of life, pure blood.
all of ua are auf jeering from the ailment o f
mixed , corrupted blooH. How can we purify ~
ourselves and make atonement? • • .inourit the
steps : of a new nobility »: .

iV.. Negative Qathexis of the Jewish Race.,
This is as good a^ place as any to mention' Hitler '
Anti-Semitism and to list what seeiga to have been, in
his case, the chief determinants of this sentiment:

- 208 -

1. The influ^rice of a number of political,
thinkers an(3 speakers whom he admired: Lueger,
Ped^r, Eckartj etc.

2. His repressed hatred and the need to find
an object on which to vent it: the suitability

of the Jew as a scapegoat because he does not fight
with fists and Weapons* ...

The suitability of the Jew as an object
on which to project his own repudiated background
and traits: his Jewish god*<fatfaBr-<and possibly, ."y
his Jewish grandf ather)^ his physical, timidity and
sansitiveneas,, his; polymorphous sexual impulses «

4« The recognition that the repressed •

aggression in the German people after the Versailles
Treaty required a scapegoat j condemnation of the
Jew da good political strategy*

3« The realization, after having once embarked
on the. road to- mill tariism,. that the stirred- up
aggression of his fblltiJwers needed some outlet —
a warming up period — during the years they had
to wait before .they were iatrong enough tp declare
war on a foreign power* Directing. aggression against
a common enemy would greatly diminish the likelihood
of its being turned against himself*

^

- 209 -

5, The intensity of his Anti- Semi ti art is partly
accounted foi* by one of his principles of political
action; focus, hostility on a single enemy at a time.

. ?• In building his military machine the anti-
militaristic Jewish people could not be of much help
to hirai At bottom Fascism is the advocacy of the
aggressive drive over and above the acquisitive drive
(with which the Jew has . generally been identified),
eind, by the same token, it is the substitution of
Power and Glory. for Peace and Prosperity, a material-
istic paradise on earth (with which Cpmm\uiism and the
Jew have also been identified). Finally, the Nazi
doctrine of fanatical irrationality (thinking with
the blood) is antipathetic to the intellectual
relativism of the Jew. Thus there are. several
fundamental points of oppositioQ (as well £is certain
points of kinship) between Nazi ideology and Jewish
ideology.

- 210 -

. ' VI. SECTIONS B, C, D, E,

DEVELOPilENT OP HITLER » S SEX COMPLEXES

(Omitted from this edition)

By careful study of the three thousand metaphors
that, are to bei fo\ind in IdEIN EAMFF it was possible to
work ou,t. the chief patterns of Hitler's emotional and
perverse sexual- complexes. The conclusions reached by
the use of this method were later verified in a conversa
tipn with a man who has questioned two of the women
with whom Hitler has 'had relations. The r^ were no
discrepancies beitween the conclusions reached here
and these first hand reports* Although the discovery

of these sexual patterns is helpful to ai psychiatrist

-....■.»• . ^

in .arriving at a complete formulation of Hitler's
character and therefore indirectly pertinent to the
final diagnosis and the predictions of his behavior,
it has no bearing on the political situation. Conse-
quently, .the sections dealing with this aspect of his
personality have been omitted.

r-

- 211 -

VII. ABILITIES AND PRINCIPLES OP ACTION

Hitler has a ntmbar of unusual abilities of which
his opponents should not he ignorant. Not only
is it important to justly appraise the strength of an
enemy but it ia well to know whether or not he possesses
capacities and techniques which cen be appropriated to
good advatttage. Hitler^ a chief abilities, realisa-
tions, and principles, of action as a political figure,
all of which involve an uncanny knowledge of the
psychology of the average man, are.' briefly these:

1. Pull appreoifrtteh of the importance of the •

masses in the success o*f any movement; -' Two quotations •

might serve to bring out this point.

(1) Hitler: The lack of knowledge of
the internal driving forceai of great changes
led to an insufficient evaluation of the im-
portance of the great masses of the people;
from this resulted the scanty interest in the
social question^ the deficient and insufficient
courting of the soul. of the nation's lower •
classes. ..(M^K. 138).

(ii) Heiden speaks of "Hitler's frequently
.. noted incapacity to impose' his will in a small
circle, and his constmiraate skill in winning over
a crowd prepared by publicity and sta^e manage-
ment, and ,theh, with its aid, vanquishing the
small circle, too."

2. Recbghltibh of the' IhestimaHe value of winning-,
the support of youth; realization of the immense momentum

- 212 -

mpWDuc^D A.r .me mripN'AL A^cmVES

given a social movement' by the wild fervor and
enthusiasm of yotang men and women. Here we must also
include the Importance of early training and inddctrina-
tion.

3. An identification, through feeling, with the
deepest needs and aentimenta of the avei?age G^ermah
and, the, ability to give passionate expression to: these
longings.

4, O^pacity to appeal to the most pi'lmitive. .
as well as the- moat ideal, Ihclihations in man'. ; to .
arouse the basest instincts and yet cloak them with
nobility, justifying all actions as means to the
attainment of ah ideal goetl> Hitler has seen. that men
will not combine arid dedicate themselves to a common
purpose uhless this purpose be an ideal one capable

of survival beyond their g^neratldh* He has perceived
also that although men will die only for an ideal
their continued zest and enterprise can be maintained,
only by a succession of more immediate and earthly
satisfactions • ■v • r ■ - . .

5« A|)|ire elation of the fact that the masses
are as- hungry* for a sua talnlng Ideology in polltloal
action as they are for dally bread. It is with the.
masses that religious belief has taken root. and

«

maintained Itself and in the last decades the

- 213 -

ideologlea of comtnunlsm and fascism have also flourished

among the common people. It is an error to believe

as many democratic leaders do that the average man,

cannot understand and cares nothing for political

philosophy. Hitler is most specific on this point,

two quotations from his writings "being particularly

pertinent. . . . .\ .

(i) All furce which does not spring from
a firm spiritual foundation will he hesitating
and uncertain* It lacks the stability which
can only rest on a fanatical view of life*
(M.K, 222).

, {ii) Every attempt' at fighting a view of
life by means-Qf force will finally fail, xinless
the fight against it represents the form of an
attack for the sake of a h6w. spiritual direc-
tion. Only in the struggle of two views of .
life with each pthet ;can the weapon of brtitei
force, used continuously and ruthlessly, bring
. about the decision in favor of the side it
supports. (M.K. 223). .

S. The ability. to analyze complex social condi-
tions into a few dominant human forces j - Hitler is
speaking the truth when he says, "I have the gift of
reducing all problems to their simplest f oiindations. . .
A gift for traqing back all theories to. their roots
in reality." He has the ability, Rauschning tells
us, "of breaking through the wall ^^T prejudices and
conventienal theories, of the experts, and in so doing,
h9 has frequently discovered amazing truths.".

- 214 -

7 , The ability to portray conflicting hiamsin
forces in vivid, concrete liqa^ery that is underatand-
able and moving to the oi'dihary. man > This cornea
down to the use of metaphors in the form of imagery
which, as Aristotle has said, is the most powerful
force on earth. Public speiakers of recent years

seem to havei overlooked the importance of this principle,
relying more on the marshalling of cold,, objective
facts and figures.

8, Tho ability to draw on the jbradltiohs of
the peoples and by reference to the' great classical
mythological themes evoke the, deepest unconscious
emotions in his audience .. The fact that the unconscious
mind is more intensely affected by the great eternal
symbols and themes * (that it naturally thinks in

these terms,) is not generally understood by speakers
and writers. Undoubtedly in Hitler's case the
permeability. of hi? ego to unconscious processes
has made this form of utterance more natural than
it would be for others, ^

9, Realiaatioh that enthusiastic political
action does not take place if the emotions are hot
involved . Hitler .has always insisted 'that he was
bringing about a veritable conversion in the

- 215. -

peraonalitiea of hia adherents rather than a mere
intellectual agreement with his views.

10. Reaiizatiori ot tihe iniportsirice of artistry
and drairiatic tritenaity "ift'the ft'on'ductahde of larpje/
meetihga. rallies, arid •frestiVals. This involves
not only an appreoiatibn of what the artist — • the
writer, inuslclan, and painter — can accompliah

in the way of evoking pbi)uXai' support but also the
leader's re opghiti on of the necessity, of iiis psirticipa-
tion in the total ,d^®™^^i-<^ effect aa chief character .
and hero. Thus M tiler :hias. b^^ of all the

arts of high** lighting his ..own rSl^e in the wpvemeht
for a greater Germany. Democratic leaders, on the
other hand ^ disregarding the fact that, the artist
is trained aboVd all othd)t*9 to animate the human
spirit, have disregarded this important aspect of life.

11. The ability to appeal to the aympathetio
concern and prbteotiveneaa of Ms pebple. to represent
himself att . the bearer of their burdens and their '
fut\are,. with thei result that many people, particularly
the women, feel/t^hderly.and compfissibnfttely about
him, being always careful to avoid inflicting undue
annoyance or suffering on their Reader. The intense
loyalty of Hi"tler»i* Body Guard is an illustration of
this protectiVeness*

- 215 -

12. Dedication to hia mission . This moat
essential of all Hitler's charactei'lstics should
perhaps have been mentioned first. Whet is involved
here is an intense and profound insociation with the
German people, or at least with his vision of what
the German people might become. All close observers
have agreed that Hitler is sincere iti this feeling,
and whether. this ia strictly true or not, he has
succeeded in convincing hia people that he is a
passionate and devoted patriot. It is the spectacle
of his far- seeing dedicated vision and firm dedicated
utterances which arouse the selfless energies of

his followers. Citizens of democratic countries
who have been brought up in the tradition of extreme
individTiali aw cannot readily appreciate , this sub^
mission of the leader to a social purpose. They
are nattarally skeptical of Hitler's sincerity and
believe that it is forced and artificial. I submit,
on the contrary, that it is this insociation, as we
have stressed above, which is responsible for the
maintenance of" Hitler's partial sanity, despite the
presence of neurotic and psychotic trends,

13. Self-confidehce "and sense of infaliibility.
This might have been detrimental to Hitler's popularity

- 217 -

if his decisions had often met with failure, but in
as mudh as his rise to power was almost phenomenal
and evehtfl proved that he was so often ri^t in hi a
predictions, his claim to infallibility was accepted
and his word was eventually reverenced as a divine
pronouncement.

14, Fanatical stubbornness in his adherence
to a few principles and to one common ^6al «

(i) Hitler, quoted by Deuel: Only
a storm of glowing passion can turn the .
destinies of nations, but this passion can
only be roused by a man' who carries it
within himself.

■••V: .■ ■■■

(il) .,,the forceful impression- bf
great overwhelming viewpoints . .» the...
convincing force of unconditional belief
in them. (M.K. 570);

15 . M&atery. of. the art of political, orgftniza -
tion4 Here undoubtedly Hitler was assisted by
several of his shrewder ^associates, but his own
Judgment in matters of organization was usually
influential above that of the others r

l!6. Ability to surround himself with devoted
aides whose talents c-omplemerit. his own . In many
respects Hitler is deficient, especially in the
practices of orderly admini strati on but h« was
capable of finding sufficient skill . among^'hia ad-
herents and- make them work for him regardless of
their failings in other respects.

^ 218 -

17. Hitler Is unusual ■ In hl3tbj?y In his concep-
tion of the leader aa a creatgr of social forma .
Holding this viey, Itf la natural that he should
conduct hi a life at certain seasons as an artist
does, seeking rest and seclusion and waiting for the

»

vision or plan to develop in his subconscious. What
other; politicians refer to as his bohemianism, his
disorderly and romantic style of llfia is .very compar-
able to the pattern' which authors have found. most
effective in the production bjf their works . . Tempera-
mentally indeed. Hitler is tha arch-romantic. One
might suppose that this way of governing one »"a life
has no place in, politica, but without question in
this instance mahy^ of the atartllng innovationa intro-
duced by the Ifazis are the reaulta of fiitXer*s
reliance upon the creative imagination directed toward
social issues.

18. Mgst of the world will concede that Hitler
has tactical genius . The particular feature that
has impressed most observers haa been hia \incannily
precise timing of decisions- and actions . As Thyaaen
haa put it, "Sometime^ hia intelligence is aatonlsh-
ing.. .miraculoua political IntTiition, deijoid of all
moral sense, but extraordinarily precise. Even in a
very complex situation he discerna what is possible,
and what is not,"

- 219 - . .

^^p^oduC£;d AT rm mrwMAL Mcmvsjs . . . ■ . . . • . .

19. The fact thgt Hltlei* ha a repudiated the

operatlbh of conscience In. arriving a# polj tidal

decisiona has eliminated once and for all the force
—————— . ■ . ,

which checks and complicates, the forward-going
thoughts and resolutioijs of mogt socially responsible
statesmen. 'Thus, Hi tier Va cotirse is immensely
simpliried since it is not incumbent upon him to
respect the dictates of conscience and so reject a
path of action whicti appeals to him as being most
effective. Other statesmen, on the contrary, must
either reno\ance certain, programs or pull their punche

20. Hitler has boasted that h^ learned the uae
of terror from the commvmista and employed it with
more effectiveness ' than his instructors .

21. Ma-stery of the art of propaganda' . This has
consisted in the following of certain rules such as:
never to admit a fault pr wrong; never to accept
blame; concentrate on one enemy at a time; blame that
enemy for everything that goes wrong; take advantage
of every opportunity to raise a political whirlwind.

' Many of the specific abilities listed above are
exercized as part, and parcel of his quite unusual

-,220-

*

power as a popular orator I Sd much has been written
about Hitler's ability to galvanize ah audience by
his gestures, the cadence of his sentences, the
resoluteness of his declarations, the passion of his
appeals that any further description here wpuld be
superfluous. It is clear that Hitler becomes transported
during a speech $nd- exhibits: a personality that is kept
in the background at other times. When face to face
with his public he becomes a clairvoyant, shaman in
a trance, as he relinq\ilshes normal controls and
allows his emotions* full sway..

- 221 -
PREDICTIONS

I shall a3s\3ine . that front, now on the Allied
Nations. will he closing in on Germany; that Hitler
will he confronted by an increaslnglmanber of military
sethacks in the field, hy the devastation' of one'
industrial center after another^ -and hy the spread •
of a defeatist spirit among the civilian population.
How will be behave? There are various possibilitias,
some of which are more or less desirable, others
more or Idas undesirable, from the Allied standpoint.
It is possible, however, that some .of the lisss
desirable final acts of his career may be prevented, ,
The chief possibilities are these:

1, Hitler's behavior will become ihcreasihgly
neurotic : - his capacity to make correct decisions,
to devise effective strategy, to ehcourag§ his
people, will diminish steadily, Por eight months
there have been signs of such a breakdown of psychic
strength. Hitler has not appeared and spoken in
public at customary ' occasions, or, if l^e has spoken,
his words have lacked confidance and sustaining
value. Several times th^re have been rumors that
he had retired, to Berchteagaden,, the victim of

- 822 -

mp^pDucijD AT ms; mmmi A^cmviss
nervous illness. Whether this Is true or not, it can

he certainly predicted that Hitler will experience

an increasing number of hysterical seizures in which

he will pace and stamp the floor, shriek with rage,

and eventually collapse in tears* He will seek the

solitude of his refuge in the mountains where he will

he tormented by dreadful nightmares and melahcholia,

and become inert*

Thenj after a period of recuperation, he will
arrive at a new plan of aggressive offense* If his
military Staff are bpposed to it, he will assume
command himself, and lead his troops on- another
desperate assault against the Russian lines* If
unsuccessful, he will have more nervous seiz\ires,
relinquish command, and again retreat to Berchtes-
gaden* Hitler has no capacity for sustained defense*

He will speak less and less in public, because
he cannot face his people if his star is not ascending
He can speak- only when he anticipates progress or
after a' victory. The Russians have shattered Hitler's
confidence; and without confidence h# is patalyged.
If he atbod before his followers now he would probably
weep^

- 225 -

S£;p^oduC£;d at ms; mationm, Apcmvsjs

Without doubt he will become inex^easlngly fearful
of being poisoned, betrayed, or shot.

Vfhatever else happens, the above course of events
will almost certainly occur. Hitler will become less
and less of a leader;, others will take over. On the
one handj the military staff; and, on the other,
lainmler, Ribb«ntr6p, Goerlng, Goebbels, Pffrster and
Koch. There' will be dissensions between the Army and
the Party; ag well as betm^een the Party leaders. But
the people will be kept ignorant as long as possible
of Hitler's failing nerves, and they will not easily
lose their faith in him. Furthermore, he will always
reserve and exercise the right- to step in at any
moment and dictate what shall be done. Thus we can
expect to. hear nothing of him for a whilia and then
suddenly he will appear unheralded at^^ome spot and
something new will happen.

2. Hitler may go insane ; - He has the make-up
of -a paranoid schizophrenic, and the load of frustra-
tion and failure that is coming to him may crack his
resistance, causing him to yield his will to the
turbulent forces of his uncohs-cicms. This is not
undesirable; because, eVen if the truth be kept
hidden from the people, the greatest source of strength

- 224 -

^£;pmp(7CE!D AT rm mnomi Apcmv£!s

in Germany will be' removed from .the scene of actionj^
and morale will rapidly .de€erl drat Q as rumors spread.
Furthermore, the Legend of- the Hero will "be severely
damaged by such ian outcome. There is no good historical
instance of the deification of a military or. political
* leader who was defeated and went insane. Finally, if
Hitler- became insane, he would probably fall into the
hands of the Allied Nations, and this, as X shall
argue, would be the most desirable possible outcome*

3. Hitler may get killed in battle : - At a
critical moment Hitler may decide to lead his elite
troops against the Russians, exposing himself so tli^t
ha will get killed, and so live in the hearts of his
covuitrymen as a valiant hero. He is very likely to
choose this course > most undesirable from our Allied
point of view. It is \andesirable, first, because

his death will serve as an example to sll his followers
to fighf with fanatical death-defying energy to the
bitter end, and second, because it will insure Hitler's
immortality — the Siegfried who lad J:he Aryfin hosts
against Bolshevism and the Slav.

4, Hitler may be killed by a ^German ; Hitler
is moat efficiently protected and it is not likely
that anyone will wilfully attempt to kill him. But

he may contrive to have someone, a half- crazy paranoid

^ 225 ^

like himself. Instigated to do the deed at some
prearranged moment when his" purposely exposes his -
person in ptiblic. If he could arrange to have a
Jew kill him, then he. could die in the belief that
his fellow countrymen would rise in their wrath and ,
massacre every remaining Jew in Germany. Thus, hd
would get his ultimate revenge. This would he. ths
most dastardly plan of alt, and the very most \indesir* •
able. It would increase the fanaticism of the soldiers,
and create a Legend in conformity with the ancient
pattern, Siegfried stabbed in the back by Ha^an,
Caesar by Brutus, Christ betrayed by Judas except
that here the murderer would not be a close follower.
However, it is Just possible that Hitler could persuade
the beloved PBrsterto kill him,

5. Hitler may commit suicide : - Hitler has often
vowed that he would commit suicide if his plans
miscarried; but if he chooses this course he will do
it at the last moment and in the most dramatic possible
manner. . He will retreat, let us say, to the impregnable
little fortress he has built for himself on the top
of the mountain beypnd the Berghof (Berchtesgaden) ♦
There , alone he will^ wait urftil troops come to take •
htm prisoner. Ais a: climaat he will blow up the moun-
tain and himself with" dynamite, or make a funeral

- 226 -

^£;p^od(7C£;d AT rm mnoi^AL- A^cmvjSg ■

pyre of hia retreat and throw himself on it (a suitable
G^tterdamerTong) or kill hilnaelf with a silver bullet
(as did the Emperor Christophe>, oi« possibly throw
himself off the parapet. This is not at all unlikely.
For us it would be an undesirable outcome.

6, . Hitler may seek refujBie in a neutral country ^ -
It is not likely that Hitler^ concerned a si he is with
his Immortality on earth, would take so cowardly a
course. But one of hia followers might drug him, and
take him in a plana bound to. Switzerland, and then
persuade hiir that he should stay there to write his
long-planned Bible for the Germanic folk* Since the
hero's desertion of his people would considerably
damage the Legend, this outcome would be much better
that either 3 or 4. .

7, Hitler may die i -There is no reason to . .
believe that Hitler will die of natural causes in the
next three or four years; but he might poison himself
and have it announced that he had died of cancer of the
stomach, or some other inctarable illness. This out-
come would be. natviral..

8, Hitler may be seized by the military command
or by a revolutionary faction in Germany before the
end of the war and immured in some j>rison fortress .

\

This event is ^if;fioult to envisage froio. what we
STirmize and have been told of the populerily of the
man and the protection afforded him, but if it were
to transpire, it would .put an ignominious end to
the. myth of^ the invincible leader and event\ially
deliver him into ovxr hands.

9* Hi tie r may fall into our hands before or
after the <3tQrcB&i\^ have surrendered: , - This would be
the next most desirable outcome after 8 but is
perhaps the least lilcely. . ;

SECTION IV

Predictions of Hitler '3 Behavior in the Coming Futiare
( See Section- I, Part B)

^sp^pacs^p AT ms; mnoN^Ai Apcmv£:s.

SECTION V

SuRKestlons for the Treatment of Hltl^er ,
Now •■ and After Germany » SMlyender. - r

( See Section' I, Piart C)

Suggestions for the Treatment of Germany
(See' Section i," Part D) '